{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T07:08:34Z","timestamp":1756192114480,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Developmental remnants may follow segmental canalization of ectodermal epithelial cords forming the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus (NDA). This can result in false luminal \u201cvalves\u201d along the path of the NDA, many of which have been named, but most have not been anatomically identified with consistency. By 1908, eight such \u201cvalves\u201d were documented, those of: Foltz, Bochdalek, Rosenm\u00fcller, Huschke, Aubaret, B\u00e9raud or Krause, Taillefer, and Hasner or Cruveilhier or Bianchi. Digital subtraction dacryocystography (DS\u2010DCG) is the highest spatial resolution imaging technique available to outline in vivo NDA anatomy, luminal profile, and pathology. We believe this is the first report of the conspicuousness and frequency of these \u201cvalves\u201d on DS\u2010DCG. We retrospectively analyzed routine DS\u2010DCGs with normal findings for the presence and frequency of the eight NDA \u201cvalves.\u201d We examined 92 normal DS\u2010DCGs on patients aged 14\u201382 years (71% female, 29% male). We observed \u201cvalves\u201d most reliably in the inferior nasolacrimal duct: the inferior valve of Hasner (plica lacrimalis) was present in 98.9% of cases, and more superiorly, the valve of Taillefer (93.5%) and the valve of Krause (79.3%). Contrastingly, we infrequently identified the very superior \u201cvalves\u201d: Foltz or Bochdalek in 17.1%, Rosenm\u00fcller or Huschke in 46.4%, and Auberat in 40% of cases. Therefore, unlike the inferior NDA valves, these more superior \u201cvalves\u201d were less consistently identified and are presumed to be simple mural mucosal irregularities rather than true structural valves. These findings will be useful in diagnostic interpretation of DS\u2010DCGs and therapeutic planning for patients undergoing luminal procedures on the NDA. Clin. Anat., 2018. \u00a9 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]],"date-time":"2018-09-27T14:09:23Z","timestamp":1538057363000},"page":"35-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Eponymous \u201cvalves\u201d of the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus. II. Frequency of visualization on dacryocystography"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Vivek","family":"Yedavalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devsmita","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9694-1408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarik F.","family":"Massoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology 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