{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T14:50:14Z","timestamp":1775919014799,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The axillary nerve is the most commonly injured nerve around the arm. In the deltopectoral approach, classical teaching states that lateral rotation of the humerus increases the distance between the subscapularis and the axillary nerve. This is the first anatomical study to quantify the distance change between the axillary nerve and subscapularis produced by arm rotation. Eight arms were placed in the supine position and a classical deltopectoral approach was performed. With digital calipers, measurements were made from the closest identifiable margin of the nerve to the inferior extent of the tenotomy. All measurements were made with the arm in 0\u00b0 abduction and elbow in 90\u00b0 of flexion, and repeated with the arm in 45\u00b0 of medial rotation, 0\u00b0 lateral rotation and 45\u00b0 of lateral rotation. The mean d Axillary Nerve to subscapularis was recorded as 30.9 mm (95% CI:25.3\u201336.3), 39.4 mm(95% CI:34.1\u201344.8), and 46.1 mm (95% CI:41.1\u201351.2) for 45\u00b0 MR, 0\u00b0, and 45\u00b0 LR, respectively. Using paired\u2010samples T\u2010testing, the mean change in distance when moving from 45\u00b0 MR to 0\u00b0 was +8.5 mm (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001), and from 0\u00b0 to LR 45\u00b0, +6.7 mm (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). There is a significant difference in the distance between the subscapularis tenotomy and the axillary nerve with medial and lateral rotation. Laterally rotating the arm increased the distance by 6.7 mm, reaffirming that positioning the glenohumeral joint in a position of LR during subscapular tenotomy is protective against iatrogenic injury of the axillary nerve. Clin. Anat. 32:268\u2013271, 2019. \u00a9 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T18:31:44Z","timestamp":1539196304000},"page":"268-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The change in position of the axillary nerve with rotation of the arm"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6299-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Notre Dame Darlinghurst  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, St. John of God Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lorentzos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Westmead Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moussa","family":"Farhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Westmead Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kanawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Westmead Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-009-0594-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01627959"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"503","article-title":"Tips of the trade: Locating and protecting the axillary nerve in shoulder surgery. The tug test","volume":"21","author":"Flattow E","year":"1992","journal-title":"Orthop Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Surgical Exposures in Orthopaedics: The Anatomic Approach","author":"Hoppenfeld S","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198906000-00015","article-title":"Anatomy of the axillary nerve and its relation to inferior capsular shift","volume":"243","author":"Loomer RG","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199911000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201312000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"677","article-title":"Arthroscopic visualization of the subscapularis tendon","volume":"17","author":"Wright JM","year":"2001","journal-title":"Art Ther"}],"container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fca.23295","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.23295","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ca.23295","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.23295","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T19:32:04Z","timestamp":1694719924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ca.23295"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ca.23295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.23295","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-3806","1098-2353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-3806","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}