{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:45:15Z","timestamp":1789469115763,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tracing the facial nerve trunk is an essential action in parotid surgery, because of the implications of injury to the nerve or its branches. More than a few landmarks that may help the surgeon in this task have been proposed (e.g., the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, the tragal pointer, among others), under the assumption that additional access methods improve the surgical technique and reduce the possibility of harmful post\u2010operative consequences. Here we present evidence that the posterior auricular nerve may be used to trace the facial nerve trunk. We dissected 75 cadaveric heminecks, exposed the auricularis posterior muscle and adnexa, and attempted to follow the posterior auricular nerve to the facial nerve trunk. The auricularis posterior muscle, nerve, and artery were identified in all heminecks, securing an anatomically reliable route to the facial nerve trunk. Average length of the nerve from the auricularis posterior muscle to the facial nerve trunk was 28\u2009mm (\u00b16.2 mm). The angle between the posterior auricular nerve and the vertical segment of the FN trunk was 39.5\u00b0 (\u00b17.7\u00b0). We conclude that the posterior auricular nerve may be used as a landmark to trace the facial nerve trunk. It is advantageous due to the relatively simple and consistent regional anatomy, and also because manipulation of this nerve does not present a risk given that the auricularis posterior muscle is vestigial. The proposed landmark is particularly important in revision surgery, where the pre\u2010auricular anatomy may have been distorted and scarred by previous operations. Clin. Anat. 32:453\u2013457, 2019. \u00a9 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T14:45:13Z","timestamp":1548081913000},"page":"453-457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A new method for tracing the facial nerve trunk using the posterior auricular nerve"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ilan","family":"Blau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery University of Alberta Hospital  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yona","family":"Vaisbuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Stanford University  Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assaf","family":"Marom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology  Haifa Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1923.01110190082003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"1242","article-title":"Abordaje para la parotidectomia y transplante muscular","volume":"54","author":"Appiani E","year":"1967","journal-title":"Pren Med Argent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18002811102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)41230-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(58)90831-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-191304000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","article-title":"Variability in facial\u2010muscle innervation: A comparative study based on electrostimulation and anatomical dissection","author":"Bonnecaze G","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2010.11.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"New approaches in parotid gland surgery","volume":"19","author":"Califano L","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Roy Australas Coll Dent Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000147943.13052.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)49447-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23318"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22570"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21072"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","volume-title":"Cummings Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery","author":"Flint PW","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199604000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1302-145"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23044"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3342\/ceo.2014.7.2.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20822"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/229255030701500203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23322"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24837"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"620","article-title":"The surgical anatomy of the facial nerve with special reference to the parotid gland","volume":"80","author":"McCormack LJ","year":"1945","journal-title":"Surg Gynaecol Obst"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.1.2.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-69912017004004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2002.02387.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-005-0070-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-013-0669-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Muscles of the external ear and their function in man, chimpanzees and macaca","volume":"120","author":"Seiler R","year":"1974","journal-title":"Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","volume-title":"Oral Anatomy","author":"Sicher H","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","first-page":"1515","article-title":"Tumors of the parotid gland","volume":"1","author":"Sistrunk WE","year":"1921","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","volume-title":"Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice","author":"Standring S","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fca.23338","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.23338","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ca.23338","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.23338","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T08:45:08Z","timestamp":1694508308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ca.23338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ca.23338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.23338","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-3806","1098-2353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-3806","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-05-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}