{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T18:21:36Z","timestamp":1770488496066,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The 19th century Russian surgeon Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov believed passionately in the importance of anatomy for surgeons. His interest in anatomy began as a medical student in Moscow. After graduating in 1828 Pirogov entered the postgraduate German\u2010Baltic University of Dorpat (now Tartu in the Republic of Estonia) where he studied anatomy and surgery. After completing his study, he remained to research the consequences of ligation of the aorta in a series of animal experiments, which formed the core of his doctoral thesis. He wanted to determine the feasibility of aortic ligation as a treatment for patients with an aneurysm of the aorta or iliac artery. He discovered that success was only likely when the aorta was ligated between the two mesenteric arteries and the ligature gradually tightened, an approach surgically difficult in humans. Pirogov then spent 2\u2009years at the Charit\u00e9 Hospital in Berlin before returning to Russia. In 1841, he was appointed Professor of Applied Anatomy and Surgery at the Imperial Medico\u2010Surgical Academy in Saint Petersburg. He instituted the teaching of microscopy and histology to the medical curriculum and in 1846 formed the Institute for Applied Anatomy within the academy, where in addition to teaching medical students future teachers of anatomy in Russia were trained. Pirogov published extensively on anatomy, including several anatomical atlases, the most notable his three\u2010dimensional atlas of topographical anatomy published in four volumes between 1852 and 1859. Today Pirogov's contributions to anatomy are remembered in a number of anatomical structures named after him. Clin. Anat., 33:714\u2013730, 2020. \u00a9 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T23:28:35Z","timestamp":1570145315000},"page":"714-730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810\u20131881): Anatomical research to develop surgery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5522-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.F.","family":"Hendriks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Executive Board Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2610-4601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.A.","family":"Zhuravlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Executive Board Voenno\u2010Meditsinskoe Museum  St. Petersburg Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3483-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.G.","family":"Bovill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-8837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7232-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.V.","family":"Gaivoronskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Voenno\u2010Meditsinskaya Academy  St. Petersburg Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1513-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.C.W.","family":"Hogendoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Executive Board Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0528-7464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.C.","family":"DeRuiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Anatomy and Embryology Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","volume-title":"Doctor Medicinae Nikolaas Bidloo, Serving Russia","author":"Abashin VG","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23371"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","unstructured":"Anonymous.1836\u20131837. Ligature of the Carotid Artery for Aneurysm of the Arteria Innominata. London: The Lancet."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"On 11 February 1847 in the Second Military Land Force Hospital was performed surgery without pain during the amputation of a female right breast while using of inhalation of sulferic ether vapour","volume":"15","author":"Anonymous","year":"1847","journal-title":"Drug Zdraviya, Vrachebnaya Gazeta"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","volume-title":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica","author":"Anonymous","year":"1911"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_1","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Encyclopaedia Britannica","author":"Anonymous","year":"1911"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_1","first-page":"302","volume-title":"The New Encyclopaedia Britannica","author":"Anonymous","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Dictionary of National Biography","author":"Bettany GT","year":"1887"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM184611180351601"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_1","first-page":"320","volume-title":"Minutes XII International Congress of Medicine. Moscow, 7(19)\u201314(26) August 1897. Vol. 5","author":"Braatz E","year":"1899"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FearnSW.1836\u20131837. Case of Aneurysm of the Arteria Innominata and of the Origin of the Subclavian Artery Treated by Ligatire of the Common Carotid Artery. London: The Lancet.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)31843-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_13_1","volume-title":"Historical Essay on the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Military\u2010Medical (Medical\u2010Surgical) Academy. (On the 220th Anniversary of the Foundation of the Department)","author":"Gaivoronskii IV","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_14_1","unstructured":"GaribaldiG.1863. A Letter from G. Garibaldi with Thanks for the Treatment. Saint Petersburg Russian Federation: Fundamental Library of the Military Medical Academy. p In Ed.Ep.III\u201038: 35."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_15_1","volume-title":"Scientific, Literary and Epistolary Heritage of Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov","author":"Geselevich AM","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.6.692"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12916"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772016633399"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-017-3578-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789042026599"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_21_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Medicine in ancient Russia","volume":"49","author":"Kuzmin MK","year":"1984","journal-title":"Feldsher Akush"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_22_1","unstructured":"LarreyFH.1862. Letter to Nikolay I. Progov 19 August 1862. Saint Petersburg Russian Federation: Fundamental Library of the Military Medical Academy nemd S.M. Kirov. p In Ed.Ep.III\u201044: 24."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_23_1","unstructured":"LarreyFH.1869. Letter to Nikolay I. Pirogov 9 February 1869. Saint Petersburg Russian Federation: Fundamental Library of the Military Medical Academy. p In Ed.Ep.III\u201044: 25\u201326."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_24_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Fran\u00e7ois Magendie (1783\u20131855)","volume":"168","author":"Lazorthes GC","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull Acad Natl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_25_1","unstructured":"LegalloisE.1824. Oeuvres de J.J.C. Legallois avec des notes de M. Pariset. In Two Volumes. Paris."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39372.653981.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_27_1","volume-title":"Tale of the Bygone Years. Here Is the Tale of the Bygone Years, where the Russian Land Came from, Who in Kiev Was the First Ruler, and How the Russianland Arose","author":"Likhachev DS","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_28_1","volume-title":"26. A System of Anatomical Plates of the Human Body. In Three Volumes","author":"Lizars J","year":"1822"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_29_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"The first Centre for Higher Medical Education in Russia. (For the 280th anniversary of the Moscow hospital and the Moscow medical\u2010surgical school\u2014the Military Medical Academy named S.M. Kirov)","volume":"68","author":"Oborin NA","year":"1990","journal-title":"Klin Med (Mosk)"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_30_1","unstructured":"PerpetuellesS.1857. Compte de rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'academie publies conformement a une decision de l'academie. Paris. p 175."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_31_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"Uber die Moglichkeit der Unterbinding der Aorta abdominal. Schluss","volume":"27","author":"Pirogoff NI","year":"1838","journal-title":"J Chir Augenheilkd"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_32_1","first-page":"122","article-title":"Uber die Moglichkeit der Unterbinding der Aorta abdominalis","volume":"27","author":"Pirogoff NI","year":"1838","journal-title":"J Chir Augenheilkd"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_33_1","volume-title":"Is Ligation of the Abdominal Aorta with an Aneurysm of the Groin a Readily Feasible and Safe Intervention?","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1832"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_34_1","volume-title":"Surgical Anatomy of the Arterial Trunks and the Fibrous Fasciae","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1838"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_35_1","volume-title":"Annals of the Surgery Department of the Clinic at the Imperial University of Dorpat in 2 Volumes. Vol. II","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1839"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_36_1","volume-title":"About the Intersection of the Achilles Tendon as an Operational\u2010Orthopaedic Medicine","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1840"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_37_1","volume-title":"Full Course of Applied Anatomy of the Human Body with Drawings. Descriptive\u2010Physiological and Surgical Anatomy","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1844"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_38_1","first-page":"789","volume-title":"Comptes Rendus. Academie des Sciences. S\u00e9ances de l'academie des sciences","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1847"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_39_1","volume-title":"Practical and Physiological Research on Etherization by N. Pirogoff","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1847"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_40_1","volume-title":"Medical Report of a Journey to the Caucasus, Containing Statistical Comparison of Amputations, Experimental Research of Firearms Injuries, and a Detailed Description of the Anaesthesia Results, Obtained on the Battlefield and in Different Hospitals in Russia","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1849"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_41_1","volume-title":"Pathological Anatomy of the Asian Cholera. Atlas","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1849"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_42_1","volume-title":"Anatomical Images of the External Appearance and Position of Organs in the Three Main Cavities of the Human Body, Designated Primarily for Forensic Doctors. With Full Explanation","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1850"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_43_1","volume-title":"Pathological Anatomy of the Asian Cholera. From Observations of the Epidemic Prevailing in Russia in 1848","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1850"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_44_1","volume-title":"An Illustrated Topographic Anatomy of Saw Cuts Made in Three Dimensions across the Frozen Human Body. Four Volumes, Vol. II, Thoracic Cavity","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1852"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_45_1","volume-title":"An Illustrated Topographic Anatomy of Saw Cuts Made in Three Dimensions across the Frozen Human Body. Four Volumes. Vol. I","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1853"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_46_1","volume-title":"An Illustrated Topographic Anatomy of Saw Cuts Made in Three Dimensions across the Frozen Human Body. Four Volumes. Vol. III, Abdominal and Pelvic Cavity","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1853"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_47_1","volume-title":"An Illustrated Topographic Anatomy of Saw Cuts Made in Three Dimensions Across the Frozen Human Body. Four Volumes. Vol. IV, Extrimitates","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1853"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_48_1","volume-title":"Clinical Surgery. Collection of Monographs in 3 Volumes. Vol. I: Osteoplastic Extension of the Lower Leg Bones in the Disarticulation of the Foot. Reflections on the Difficulty of the Surgical Diagnosis and the Good Fortune in Surgery, Illustrated by Observations and Case Histories","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1854"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_49_1","volume-title":"An Illustrated Topographic Anatomy of Saw Cuts Made in Three Dimensions Across the Frozen Human Body. Four Volumes Between 1852 and 1859","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1859"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_50_1","volume-title":"Broad Guidelines for General War Surgery, According to Reminiscences from the Wars in the Crimea and the Caucasus and from the Hospital Practice","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1864"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_51_1","volume-title":"Collected Works in 8 Volumes. Vol. I: Proceedings of Experimental and Clinical Surgery (1832\u20131840)","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1957"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_52_1","volume-title":"Questions of Life. Diary of an Old Physician. Edited and with a New Introduction by Galina V. Zarechnak, Ph.D","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_53_1","volume-title":"Researches Practical and Physiological on Etherization. English Translation by B. Raymond Fink from the French Original","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_54_1","volume-title":"Questions of Life. Diary of an Old Physician, Written Exclusively for himself, but Not without a Second Thought, that May Be Somewhere Somebody Will Read it Also. 5 November 1879\u201322 October 1881","author":"Pirogov NI","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_55_1","volume-title":"History of Medicine in Russia. Vol. III","author":"Richter WM","year":"1817"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_56_1","first-page":"128","article-title":"The year 1847 in the life and works of N.I. Pirogov","volume":"4","author":"Shabinin AV","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vestnik Istorii Voennoy Meditsiny"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)65446-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_58_1","volume-title":"History of Medicine","author":"Sorokina TS","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12473"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_60_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Die Durchschneidung des Achillessehne, als Heilmethode des Klumpfusses, durch zwei Falle erlautert","volume":"39","author":"Stromeyer GFL","year":"1833","journal-title":"Mag ges Hielk (Rust)"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_61_1","volume-title":"Nicol. Pirogff's Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascia with 50 Drawings. Re\u2010Edited by Julius Szymanovski","author":"Szymanowski J","year":"1860"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_62_1","volume-title":"Pirogov","author":"Vasiliev C","year":"1947"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_63_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Pathological anatomy of cholera\u2010Morbus","volume":"73","author":"Virchow R","year":"1852","journal-title":"Carl Christian Schmidt's Jahrb\u00fccher der in\u2010 und ausl\u00e4ndischen gesammten Medicin"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_64_1","unstructured":"Wikipedia.2019a. Karl Ernst von Baer. URL:en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer[accessed 01 July 2019]."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_65_1","unstructured":"Wikipedia.2019b. Simon Pl\u00f6ssl. URL:en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_Pl\u00f6ssl[accessed 03 July 2019]."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_66_1","volume-title":"Development of Surgical Anaesthesia in Russia and the USSR: Minutes of Experience by NI Pirogov December 21, 1847 at the University of Moscow to Study the Direct Action of Chloroform on the Nervous System with the Assistance of Dissector Alexey N. Orlovsky","author":"Zhorov IS","year":"1951"}],"container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.23493","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ca.23493","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.23493","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T01:55:06Z","timestamp":1693878906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ca.23493"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ca.23493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.23493","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-3806","1098-2353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-3806","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-07-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-09-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-11-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}