{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T22:18:06Z","timestamp":1785190686528,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18K15008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18K15008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005683","name":"Kyoto University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ishizue2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ishizue2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Numerous case reports have indicated that the \u201chuman tail\u201d is not always a harmless protrusion but can be associated with anomalies such as occult dysraphic malformations. However, the definition and classification of this anomaly have not been discussed. A prevailing hypothesis is that the \u201chuman tail\u201d is a residual embryonic tail. Herein, we attempted to classify and define the human tail and investigate the frequency of this anomaly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We first defined the human tail as a protrusion on the dorsal side of the lumbar, sacrococcygeal, and para\u2010anal regions identified after birth. We collected case reports written in English, Japanese, French, German, and Italian that were published from the 1880s to the present.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We discovered two important findings: (a) the cause of this anomaly may differ even though the \u201ctails\u201d resemble each other closely in appearance and (b) its position tends to be correlated with the type of anomaly and its associated cause. We propose a new classification of the human tail based on these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our classification may facilitate more accurate treatment and precise case descriptions of the human tail.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T09:18:38Z","timestamp":1587547118000},"page":"929-942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Classification of the \u201chuman tail\u201d: Correlation between position, associated anomalies, and causes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5886-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayaka","family":"Tojima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University  Abeno\u2010ku Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8194-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigehito","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1992.11.1.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2013.32.6.1083"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.62B4.7430236"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Anthropologie: Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Naturgeschichte und Urgeschichte des Menschen","author":"Bartles M.","year":"1884"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.6.0966"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(84)80079-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000084863"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-198804000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0960-7692.2001.568.doc"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Neuroectodermal appendage: A case report and review","volume":"3","author":"Er\u015fahin Y.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Turkish Neurosurgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001520108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"Primate adaptation and evolution","author":"Fleagle J. 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