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The aim of the present review is to provide a better estimate of the frequency of the AL and to examine its relationships with other variables such as population, diagnostic methods, and co\u2010occurring illnesses. Studies published between 1899 and October 2020 were searched through three electronic databases; Google Scholar, PubMed, and JSTOR. Titles, abstracts, and full texts of the retrieved entries were screened to determine their appropriateness for inclusion. A total of 88 studies relating to 1,033,083 subjects met the inclusion criteria. A random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis yielded an overall prevalence of 0.30% (95% CI: 0.0024\u20130.0035, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u200997.9%). Linear regression and subgroup analysis revealed a negative correlation (<jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009\u22120.540, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.001) between AL prevalence and sample size; studies with smaller sample sizes had higher prevalences. The AL prevalence in individuals with congenital pulmonary defects, 5.2% (95% CI: 0.0018\u20130.0086, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u20090%), was 17 times higher than the overall prevalence (<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20096.65, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.001), suggesting associations with other abnormalities and possibly a genetic predisposition. In addition to an evidence\u2010based synthesis of AL prevalence, this study demonstrates publication bias and small\u2010study effects in the anatomy literature. Awareness of the AL is crucial for radiologists when they interpret unusual radiological findings and for surgeons when they operate in the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T11:28:53Z","timestamp":1619609333000},"page":"872-883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The prevalence of the azygos lobe: A meta\u2010analysis of 1,033,083 subjects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6030-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laphatrada","family":"Yurasakpong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science Mahidol University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0094-9892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaissar","family":"Yammine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery Lebanese American University Medical Center \u2010 Rizk Hospital  Beirut Lebanon"},{"name":"The Center for Evidence\u2010Based Anatomy, Sports and Orthopedic Research Lebanese American University  Byblos Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8558-6199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taweetham","family":"Limpanuparb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Division Mahidol University International College  Nakhon Pathom Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirorat","family":"Janta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science Mahidol University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4748-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arada","family":"Chaiyamoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3871-1209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nutmethee","family":"Kruepunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science Mahidol University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5700-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krai","family":"Meemon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science Mahidol University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9910-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athikhun","family":"Suwannakhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science Mahidol University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"214","article-title":"Selteneres Vorkomen des sog. \u201cLobus venae azygos\u201d bein den Japanern","volume":"89","author":"Adachi B.","year":"1940","journal-title":"Anatomischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.01.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01627580"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmcr.2018.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10070470"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"639","article-title":"Accessory lobe of the azygos vein","volume":"35","author":"Anson B.","year":"1936","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Surgical anatomy","author":"Anson B. 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