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For example, those neonates with a prefixed brachial plexus (BP) are at greater risk of trauma due to lateral neck traction during delivery than those with a normal or postfixed BP. Compared to adults, neonates also have extremely large and heavy heads (high head: body ratio) set upon necks with muscles and ligaments that are weak and poorly developed. Accordingly, insufficient cranial stability can place large torques on the cervical spinal nerves. In addition, the pelvic changes necessary for habitual bipedal posture resulted in a uniquely\u2010shaped, obstruction\u2010filled, sinusoidal birth canal, requiring the human fetus to complete a complicated series of rotations to successfully traverse it. Furthermore, although there are many risk factors that are known to contribute to NBPP, the specific anatomy and physiology of the neonate, except for macrosomia, is not considered to be one of them. In fact, currently, the amount of lateral traction applied to the neck during delivery is the overwhelming legal factor that is used to evaluate whether a birth attendant is liable in cases of permanent NBPP. Here, we suggest that the specific anatomy and physiology of the neonate and mother, which are clearly not within the control of the birth attendant, should also be considered when assessing liability in cases of NBPP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T08:50:37Z","timestamp":1619513437000},"page":"884-898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus palsy attributed to anatomy, physiology, and evolution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5184-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald C.","family":"Dunbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2206-6524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel A.","family":"Vilensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy Huntington University  Fort Wayne Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9758-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Su\u00e1rez\u2010Quian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular &amp; Cellular Biology Georgetown University Medical Center  Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7657-7186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Yi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology\/Diagnostic Radiology Kaiser Permanente  Santa Clara California USA"},{"name":"Radiology, Neuroradiology University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Paul","family":"Metaizeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery R. Schuman Hospital  Vantoux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9129-9639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nucharin","family":"Supakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Radiology &amp; Imaging Science Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(87)90001-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","volume-title":"Birth and human evolution: Anatomical and obstetrical mechanics in primates","author":"Abitbol M. 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