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Cranial nerves IX and X and the sympathetic trunk were dissected on 10 sides in the necks of embalmed adult cadavers of European descent to identify the pharyngeal branches so that anatomical landmarks could be identified and injury thereby avoided. In all sides, the pharyngeal branches originated from the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and the superior cervical ganglion and entered the posterior pharyngeal wall at the C2\u2013C4 levels within 10\u2009mm medial to the greater horn of the hyoid bone. All pharyngeal branches were anterior to the alar fascia. Based on our anatomical study, vagus nerve branches to the pharyngeal muscles enter at the C3\/C4 vertebral levels. Such knowledge might help decrease or allow surgeons to predict which patients are more likely to develop dysphagia after cervical spine surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T07:18:10Z","timestamp":1631949490000},"page":"264-268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An anatomical study of the pharyngeal plexus: Application to avoiding postoperative dysphagia following anterior approaches to the cervical spine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8502-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"Iwanaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Dental and Oral Medical Center Kurume University School of Medicine  Kurume Japan"},{"name":"Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy Kurume University School of Medicine  Kurume Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Ruhr University Bochum  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2811-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Loukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences St. George's University  St. George's Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural &amp; Cellular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aysun","family":"Uz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine University of Ankara  Ankara Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Ankara University Graduate School of Health Science, Ankara University School of Medicine  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy A.","family":"Walocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Jagiellonian University Medical College  Krak\u00f3w Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron S.","family":"Dumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1317-1047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Shane","family":"Tubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences St. George's University  St. George's Grenada"},{"name":"Department of Structural &amp; Cellular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.95B7.31029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-226022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-011-0334-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568218810198"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-020-01303-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23671"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23454"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-04281-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0398-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1133-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940711600809"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000139"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"298","article-title":"Pharyngeal plexus neurectomy for voice restoration of alaryngeal","volume":"35","author":"Peng Y.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"93","key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis involving cervical and lumbar spine presenting with dysphagia: A case report","volume":"29","author":"Sinha R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23644"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","volume-title":"Gray's anatomy","author":"Standring S.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568220922192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Safety of outpatient anterior cervicaldiscectomy and fusion: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"86","author":"Yerneni K.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"}],"container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.23785","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ca.23785","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.23785","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T12:37:52Z","timestamp":1737117472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ca.23785"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ca.23785"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.23785","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-3806","1098-2353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-3806","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}