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Numerous studies have been conducted to identify the causes and risk factors for IVDD. Lifting heavy loads, torsional stress, and motor vehicle driving are among the best\u2010identified environmental risk factors. However, it has become evident recently from family and twin studies that genetic factors may also be important in IVDD. This hypothesis was strengthened by the identification of two collagen IX alleles associated with sciatica and lumbar disc herniation. In addition, disc degeneration has been shown to be related to an aggrecan gene polymorphism, a Vitamin D receptor and matrix metalloproteinase\u20103 gene alleles. This review highlights the genetic role and occupational aspects of IVDD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T13:03:32Z","timestamp":1635080612000},"page":"116-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Genetics of intervertebral disc disease: A review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1033-527X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doraiswamy","family":"Ravichandran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bridgetown International University  Bridgetown Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaishanker","family":"Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bridgetown International University  Bridgetown Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kandamaran","family":"Krishnamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head Peadiatric Intensive Care Unit Queen Elizabeth hospital  Bridgetown Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5426.409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199506000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199405310-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3140327"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of types I and II collagens in human intervertebral discs at various ages. 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