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While the use of three\u2010dimensional (3D) models has improved the understanding of complex craniofacial anatomy, no study has evaluated the impact of this teaching support on long\u2010term retention. Our randomized controlled trial was designed to compare the long\u2010term retention of information with 3D\u2010printed models of four types of craniosynostosis versus classic 3D reconstructions displayed in two\u2010dimensional (2D) among undergraduate students. All students benefited from the same standardized course followed by the manipulation of the learning tool associated with the group for 15\u2009min. Long\u2010term retention was assessed by the capability to properly recognize different types of craniosynostosis 3\u2009weeks after the course. Eighty\u2010five students were enrolled. Previous educational achievements and baseline visuospatial skills were similar between the groups. The bivariate analysis showed the mean score in the 3D and 2D groups were 11.32 (2.89) and 8.08 (2.81), respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). 3D\u2010printed models of structures with spatial complexity such as various craniosynostosis patterns improve significantly medical students' long\u2010term retention, indicating their educational efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T10:28:05Z","timestamp":1649327285000},"page":"609-615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Three\u2010dimensional printing models improve long\u2010term retention in medical education of pathoanatomy: A randomized controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Nour","family":"Al\u2010Badri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery  Lille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Touzet\u2010Roumazeille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery  Lille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1590-5166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Nuytten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Department of Neonatology  Lille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9796-0416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00ebl","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. 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