{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T04:04:39Z","timestamp":1792555479839,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To increase our understanding of the etiology of specific neurological disorders (e.g., Duane syndrome, glossoptosis in Pierre Robin sequence), proper knowledge of anatomy and embryology of cranial nerves is necessary. We investigated cranial nerve development, studied histological sections of human embryos, and quantitatively analyzed the 3D reconstructions. A total of 28 sectioned and histologically stained human embryos (Carnegie stage [CS] 10 to 23 [21\u201360\u2009days of development]) were completely digitalized by manual annotation using Amira software. Two specimens per stage were analyzed. Moreover, quantitative volume measurements were performed to assess relative growth of the cranial nerves. A chronologic overview of the morphologic development of each of the 12 cranial nerves, from neural tube to\u00a0target organ, was provided. Most cranial nerves start developing at CS 12 to 13 (26\u201332\u2009days of development) and will reach their target organ in stage 17 to\u00a018 (41\u201346\u2009days). In comparison to the rest of the developing brain, a trend could be identified in which relative growth of the cranial nerves increases at early stages, peaks at CS 17 and slowly decreases afterwards. The development of cranial nerves in human embryos is presented in a comprehensive 3D fashion. An interactive 3D\u2010PDF is provided to illuminate the development of the cranial nerves in human embryos for educational purposes. This is the first time that volume measurements of cranial nerves in the human embryonic period have been presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T07:00:05Z","timestamp":1650524405000},"page":"666-672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A three\u2010dimensional analysis of the development of cranial nerves in human embryos"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1199-2335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes A.","family":"Smit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7701-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Oral Pain and Disfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3579-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babette","family":"Bais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4760-3269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berrie","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjolein N.","family":"Seinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1576-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"de Bree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6875-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyas","family":"Veldhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8324-5390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaco","family":"Hagoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5548-6728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kees H.","family":"de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3587-7489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corstiaan C.","family":"Breugem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2452-8307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roelof\u2010Jan","family":"Oostra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0758-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadette S.","family":"de Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The 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