{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:49:48Z","timestamp":1791830988392,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The safety and effectiveness of facial cosmetic surgery procedures are dependent on detailed 3D understanding of the complex surgical anatomy of the face. Traditional, small sample size anatomical dissection studies have limitations in providing definitive clarification of the fascial layers of the face, and especially in their relationship with the facial nerve, and their reaction to surgical manipulation. The objective study of large tissue areas is required to effectively demonstrate the broader architecture. Conventional histology techniques were modified to handle extraordinarily large tissue samples to fulfill this requirement. Full\u2010thickness soft tissue samples (skin to bone) of maximum length 18\u2009cm, width 4\u00a0cm, and tissue thickness 1\u00a0cm, were harvested from 20 hemifaces of 15 fresh human cadavers (mean age at death\u00a0=\u00a081\u2009years). After fixation, the samples were processed with an automated processor using paraffin wax for 156\u2009h, sectioned at 30\u2009\u03bcm, collected on gelatin\u2010chromium\u2010coated glass slides, stained with a Masson's Trichrome technique and photographed. Using this technique, excellent visualization was obtained of the fascial connective tissue and its relationship with the facial mimetic muscles, muscles of mastication and salivary glands in 73 large histological slides. The resulting slides improved the study of the platysma and superficial musculo\u2010aponeurotic system (SMAS), the spaces and ligaments, the malar fat pad, and the facial nerve in relations to the deep fascia. Additionally, surgically induced changes in the soft\u2010tissue organization were successfully visualized. This technique enables improved insight into the broad structural architecture and histomorphology of large\u2010scale facial tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T17:40:29Z","timestamp":1660239629000},"page":"110-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Enhanced study of facial soft tissues using a novel large scale histology technique"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0024-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lennert","family":"Minelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Advanced Facial Anatomy Course (MAFAC) Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons  Toorak Australia"},{"name":"Medical Engineering Research Facility Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3447-5309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rory George Charles","family":"Bown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Advanced Facial Anatomy Course (MAFAC) Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons  Toorak Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1131-4059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica Wung Hwa","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland  Saint Lucia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4184-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darryl Lane","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland  Saint Lucia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7261-2773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania Helen","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Analytical Research Facility Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5364-0747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicity","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Analytical Research Facility Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7285-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Mellor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Engineering Research Facility Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3507-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew Ian","family":"Wissemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Engineering Research Facility Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2520-9030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron Peter","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Engineering Research Facility Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3417-395X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berend","family":"van der Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-2259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan Christopher","family":"Mendelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Advanced Facial Anatomy Course (MAFAC) Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons  Toorak Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199206000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01478885.2019.1628425"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"1254","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the SMAS: A reinvestigation","volume":"92","author":"Gosain A. 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