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The aim of this study is to describe age\u2010related surface landmarks for intrathoracic structures in children. A total of 156 thoracic computed tomography scans of children aged 0\u201318\u2009years were categorized into six groups, and the associations between major intrathoracic structures and surface landmarks were analyzed. Sternal angle is an accurate surface landmark for the azygos vein\u2010superior vena cava junction in all age groups. However, the aortic arch (except in the 0\u20131\u00a0year group), the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk and the tracheal bifurcation in those aged 15\u201318\u2009years were not within this plane. The left brachiocephalic vein was located behind the ipsilateral sternoclavicular joint except in the 1\u20133\u2009years group, and the right was behind it in children older than 6\u2009years. The apex of heart was at the 5th intercostal space level in the 0\u20131 and 12\u201318\u2009years groups; however, it was higher in the other groups. The lower borders of the lungs were at the sixth costal cartilage level in the midclavicular line, eighth intercostal space level in the midaxillary line, and T12 adjacent to the vertebral column in the 15\u201318\u2009years group; the lower borders were at higher levels in younger children. Defining the variations in surface anatomy by in vivo studies will increase its clinical and pedagogical value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]],"date-time":"2022-09-11T09:53:46Z","timestamp":1662890026000},"page":"178-189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A reappraisal of pediatric thoracic surface anatomy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1815-9346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umut","family":"\u015eener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine A\u011fr\u0131 \u0130brahim \u00c7e\u00e7en University  A\u011fr\u0131 Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3720-1936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayfer Metin","family":"Tellio\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University  Ayd\u0131n Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasemin Durum","family":"Polat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University  Ayd\u0131n Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-021-00602-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20225"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06665-3_47"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005382-199701000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"2346","volume-title":"Nelson textbook of pediatrics","author":"Bernstein D.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2361041278"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.307105046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2353(1997)10:6<405::AID-CA6>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"130","volume-title":"Gray's anatomy for students","author":"Drake R. 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