{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:13:56Z","timestamp":1760166836465,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ancient Egyptians considered the heart to be the most important organ. The belief that the heart remained in the body is widespread in the archeological and paleopathological literature. The purpose of this study was to perform an overview of the preserved intrathoracic structures and thoracic and abdominal cavity filling, and to determine the prevalence and computed tomography (CT) characteristics of the myocardium in the preserved hearts of ancient Egyptian mummies. Whole\u2010body CT examinations of 45 ancient Egyptian mummies (23 mummies from the \u00c4gyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, Berlin, Germany, and 22 mummies from the Museo Egizio, Turin, Italy) were systematically assessed for preserved intrathoracic soft tissues including various anatomical components of the heart (pericardium, interventricular septum, four chambers, myocardium, valves). Additionally, evidence of evisceration and cavity filling was documented. In cases with identifiable myocardium, quantitative (measurements of thickness and density) and qualitative (description of the structure) assessment of the myocardial tissue was carried out. Heart structure was identified in 28 mummies (62%). In 33 mummies, CT findings demonstrated evisceration, with subsequent cavity filling in all but one case. Preserved myocardium was identified in nine mummies (five male, four female) as a mostly homogeneous, shrunken structure. The posterior wall of the myocardium had a mean maximum thickness of 3.6\u2009mm (range 1.4\u20136.6\u2009mm) and a mean minimum thickness of 1.0\u2009mm (range 0.5\u20131.7\u2009mm). The mean Hounsfield units (HU) of the myocardium at the posterior wall was 61 (range, 185\u2013305). There was a strong correlation between the HU of the posterior wall of the myocardium and the mean HU of the muscles at the dorsal humerus (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.77; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). In two cases, there were postmortem changes in the myocardium, most probably due to insect infestation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the myocardium systematically on CT scans of ancient Egyptian mummies. Strong correlations between the densities of the myocardium and skeletal muscle indicated similar postmortem changes of the respective musculature during the mummification process within individual mummies. The distinct postmortem shrinking of the myocardium and the collapse of the left ventriclular cavity in several cases did not allow for paleopathological diagnoses such as myocardial scarring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T02:20:12Z","timestamp":1712110812000},"page":"587-601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preservation of the heart in ancient Egyptian mummies: A computed tomography investigation with focus on the myocardium"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5273-4327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Panzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau  Murnau Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Biomechanics Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau  Murnau Germany and Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Paladin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mummy Studies Eurac Research  Bolzano Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Zesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Mummy Project  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilfried","family":"Rosendahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Mummy Project  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Augat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomechanics Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau  Murnau Germany and Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randall C.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute University of Missouri\u2010Kansas City  Kansas City Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael I.","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Mission Heritage Medical Group Providence Health  Mission Viejo California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Linda","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Diseases MemorialCare Health System  Laguna Hills California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adel H.","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Al Azhar University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. Samuel","family":"Wann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Diseases MemorialCare Health System  Laguna Hills California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris J.","family":"Rowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Diseases University of Nevada, Reno  Reno Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Michalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Irvine School of Medicine, University of California  Orange California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Hergan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg  Salzburg Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert R.","family":"Zink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mummy Studies Eurac Research  Bolzano Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biology II, Anthropology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians University Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.01.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-011-0069-9"},{"volume-title":"History of human life span and mortality","year":"1970","author":"Acs\u00e1di G.","key":"e_1_2_7_4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2011.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1641"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21258"},{"volume-title":"The scientific study of mummies","year":"2003","author":"Aufderheide A. 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