{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T13:10:46Z","timestamp":1789650646191,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to identify branches of the trigeminal and facial nerves (FNs) relevant to surgical incisions and injections and the scalp block techniques in the frontotemporal region, and to determine their relationships with superficial vascular structures and bony landmarks. Half\u2010heads from consenting embalmed donors (6 male, 2 female, mean age at death 78.4\u2009years) were used in this study. Detailed dissection was carried out to identify the position of the auriculotemporal nerve (ATN) relative to the superior temporal artery (STA) and the FN in six subjects (5 male, 1 female). The results provide a minimum safe distance of 5\u2009mm between the STA and the frontotemporal branches of the FN at the level of the low edge of the zygoma and 8\u2009mm between the low edge of the zygoma and the FN trunk, providing a pre\u2010auricular triangle of safety for incisions and injections. Variability between subjects was up to 60%. Microcomputed tomography (microCT) scans were taken from all eight subjects and the three\u2010dimensional reconstructions were used to identify the supraorbital notch (SON), the zygomaticotemporal foramen (ZTF), and the zygomaticofacial foramen (ZFF). The volume and relative locations of these foramina were calculated for 5\u20138 subjects. The closest distance between ZTF and the frontozygomatic suture (FZS) ranged from 9 to 21\u2009mm (26% variation); 3 subjects had a single ZTF while 5 subjects had two ZTF. The angle at the center of the orbit between ZFF and the FZS ranged from 156\u00b0 to 166\u00b0 (2.5% variation). These findings demonstrate that both traditional cadaveric dissection methods and contemporary microCT methods can be used to investigate the relative locations of nerves or their foramina in the human head. The findings provide anatomical considerations for fronto\u2010temporal incisions and local anesthesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T10:15:33Z","timestamp":1747217733000},"page":"738-746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Variations in Human Trigeminal and Facial Nerve Branches and Foramina Identified by Dissection and Microcomputed Tomography"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Hannah L.","family":"Grimes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Pizzuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kane P. 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