{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:42:38Z","timestamp":1791585758522,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ligaments have been extensively studied in anatomy and are traditionally defined as structures that connect bones and contribute to joint stability. However, a universally accepted definition of \u201cligament\u201d remains elusive. Many structures classified as ligaments do not connect bones, such as the ligamentum arteriosum, raising questions about the criteria used for their designation. Moreover, distinguishing ligaments from tendons presents a significant challenge because of their shared histological characteristics and the lack of a clear, standardized definition of \u201cligament\u201d. Historically, ligaments have been named primarily on the basis of their gross anatomical appearance rather than well\u2010defined structural or functional criteria. Ambiguities in nomenclature such as the interchangeable use of \u201cpatellar ligament\u201d and \u201cpatellar tendon\u201d further complicate classification. Additionally, dissection bias can lead to the artificial identification of ligaments because traditional dissection techniques can isolate tissue layers in a manner that creates the illusion of distinct ligament structures. Given these limitations, gross anatomical dissection alone is insufficient to confirm the presence of a ligament, necessitating histological validation based on a fundamental definition. Establishing a precise classification system that differentiates traditional bone\u2010to\u2010bone ligaments from other connective structures is imperative. Close collaboration between anatomists and surgeons is essential for refining anatomical definitions because inaccurate classifications can have direct implications for clinical practice, particularly in ligament reconstruction. A research\u2010driven, standardized definition of ligaments can enhance anatomical education and improve surgical precision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T08:10:49Z","timestamp":1747123849000},"page":"610-612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["What Do We Know About Ligaments?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Joe","family":"Iwanaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute Ochsner Health System  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Dental and Oral Medical Center Kurume University School of Medicine  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keishiro","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy Kurume University School of Medicine  Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Kurume University School of Medicine  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1482-1657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u2010Sun","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine  Daegu South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hotaka","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama University  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6040-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoko","family":"Tabira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy Kurume University School of Medicine  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9078-1020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Reina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology CEU\u2010San Pablo University School of Medicine, Madrid\u2010Montepr\u00edncipe University Hospital  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of Florida College of Medicine  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"LaPrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Twin Cities Orthopedics  Edina Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6466-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy Kurume University School of Medicine  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106049"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Terminologia Anatomica","author":"FIPAT","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455\u2010023\u201010645\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","first-page":"410","article-title":"The Pterygomandibular Raphe\u2010Anatomical Artifact","volume":"184","author":"Gaughran G. 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