{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:13:56Z","timestamp":1790730836417,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Historically, human anatomy education has been an essential part of medical training, depending on cadaveric dissection and anatomical representations. However, financial and ethical limitations have resulted in a decline in conventional teaching techniques, necessitating the investigation of alternative resources such as digital drawings and artificial intelligence (AI). The aim of this research was to assess and compare the anatomical precision of graphics produced by four AI text\u2010to\u2010image generators: Microsoft Bing, DeepAI, Freepik, and Gemini, emphasizing their value in medical education. On February 6, 2025, four AI text\u2010to\u2010image generators were used. Prompts for creating intricate anatomical images included the human heart, brain, skeletal thorax, and hand bones. Two anatomists and a radiologist evaluated the pictures produced according to anatomical standards. Bing and Gemini generated anatomically correct representations of the human heart, but DeepAI and Freepik were less accurate. All generators offered accurate reconstructions of the human brain; however, there were disparities in sulci and gyri, with Gemini performing best. Only Gemini delivered a correct sternum; the other generators misrepresented the rib count. The Gemini platform provided a satisfactory depiction of the human hand skeleton, but the outputs from other text\u2010to\u2010image generators were not anatomically accurate. This work examines the potential of generative AI in medical illustration, noting significant limitations in accuracy and detail, especially with bony structures. Although AI accelerates the drawing process, it cannot replace the proficiency of skilled medical illustrators. Continuous assessment and improvement of AI\u2010generated material are essential to ensure that the criteria mandated for medical education are met.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T05:19:50Z","timestamp":1752124790000},"page":"712-717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Assessing the Anatomical Accuracy of AI\u2010Generated Medical Illustrations: A Comparative Study of Text\u2010to\u2010Image Generator Tools in Anatomy Education"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6589-4514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamdouh","family":"Eldesoqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University  Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad A.","family":"Albadawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine, Taibah University  Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid I.","family":"AlQumaizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam Nizar Mohammad","family":"Radwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasnaa Ali","family":"Ebrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manar Abd Elaziz","family":"Elsaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physician Specialist Radiologist, Radiology Department Dr. Suliman Al\u2010Habib Medical Group, Olaya Branch  Riyadh Saudi\u00a0Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114209"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23249"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2021.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-023-03826-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24074"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2071"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2347"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"89","volume-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"Gafni O.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1479"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"453","article-title":"Changes in Perception About Anatomy Subject After 1St Year of Medical Course","volume":"4","author":"Gole R. A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04970-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2221"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2261"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","article-title":"Assessment of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Models in Creating Medical Illustrations for Various Corneal Transplant Procedures","volume":"16","author":"Moin K. A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1696"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-39035-7_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2336"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oppenlaender J.2022.\u201cThe Creativity of Text\u2010to\u2010Image Generation.\u201dInProceedings of the 25th International Academic Mindtrek Conference 192\u2013202. ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/3569219.3569352"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","article-title":"Evaluating the Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence (AI)\u2010Generated Illustrations for Laser\u2010Assisted In\u00a0Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK), Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK), and Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE)","volume":"16","author":"Petroff D. 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