{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:35:14Z","timestamp":1786977314031,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The uterine tubes and uterus develop from the paramesonephric (M\u00fcllerian) ducts. Most experimental data are obtained in rodents. Since the (micro\u2010)anatomy of the murine urogenital tract differs from that in humans, evaluation of the translatability of mouse data to human development is relevant. We studied the M\u00fcllerian ducts in serially sectioned female human embryos and fetuses between 5 and 15\u2009weeks of development and prepared 3D\u2010reconstructions to establish topographic relations. At 5\u2009weeks of development, the dorsocranial peritoneal epithelium thickens locally to form a placode\u2010like structure, which remodels into the tubal orifice at 6\u2009weeks. The subsequent caudal extension of the M\u00fcllerian ducts requires its temporary stay with the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct inside a common basement membrane. The site where the M\u00fcllerian segment expands passes as a wave along the Wolffian duct. This wave breaks when the tubes reach the lesser pelvis in the 8th week. There, both M\u00fcllerian ducts fuse to form the single uterovaginal canal. No fusion occurs most caudally, where the M\u00fcllerian ducts elicit the M\u00fcllerian tubercle in the dorsal wall of the urogenital sinus. The uterovaginal canal becomes encased in a mesenchymal cuff, the genital cord. The gubernaculum, which appears at 6.5\u2009weeks as a tissue bridge between the mesonephros and the lateral body wall, eventually becomes the round ligament in females. At 12\u2009weeks, it is still an intraperitoneal structure in an evagination of the abdominal cavity. Unexpectedly, the early development of the uterovaginal canal was similar in human and mouse embryos.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T23:38:09Z","timestamp":1759793889000},"page":"92-111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Development of the Human Female Reproductive Tract. Part 1: Uterine Tube and Uterus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4536-1717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy J. M.","family":"H\u00fclsman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy &amp; Embryology Maastricht University  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1977-9977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. Eleonore","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy &amp; Embryology Maastricht University  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3135-0156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Morosan\u2010Puopolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy &amp; Molecular Embryology Ruhr University Bochum  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2940-1812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill P. J. M.","family":"Hikspoors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy &amp; Embryology Maastricht University  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3032-7824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wouter H.","family":"Lamers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy &amp; Embryology Maastricht University  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20858"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1991.tb00239.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.9.2687"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-013-2100-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22880"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"490","article-title":"The Development of the Human Vagina","volume":"91","author":"Bulmer D.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00523306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2005.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmr028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(98)00007-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2020.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2005-0018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000100031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-001-0335-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod67.4.1353"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a023002","article-title":"The Role of Hox Genes in Female Reproductive Tract Development, Adult Function, and Fertility","volume":"6","author":"Du H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000143249"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod56.5.1097"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090810102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00582219"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cga.12502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2388(199809)15:2<66::AID-SSU2>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.12.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2018.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12266"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","article-title":"The Development of the Human Female Reproductive Tract. 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