{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T21:05:29Z","timestamp":1789851929217,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Calvarial Blooming Model (CBM) describes cranial vault growth as a Class III lever system in which patterned brain expansion supplies the effort, dural tethers act as fulcra, and sutures serve as load\u2010transfer zones. In contrast to models emphasizing muscular loading or genetic determinism, CBM frames the cranium as a compliant, tension\u2010sensitive structure shaped by cerebral growth, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) buoyancy, and intracranial pulsations. Evidence from multiple sources was used to illustrate the framework. Bolton Standards cephalometric superimpositions (ages 6\u201318) provided conservative estimates of sutural displacement and vault surface area expansion. Cases from the AAOF Legacy Collection demonstrated late\u2010phase remodeling often absent in standard datasets. Published finite\u2010element analyses of sutural strain and dural tension pathways, together with clinical and histological observations, further supported the model. Perturbations of genetic and environmental regulators\u2014including RUNX2, FGFRs, and BMPs\u2014disrupt these strain pathways and produce craniofacial anomalies consistent with CBM predictions. Recognizing cranial vault expansion as the action of a tensioned dural hammock operating under Class III lever mechanics clarifies how patterned brain growth directs vault remodeling and suggests new approaches to craniosynostosis correction and growth modification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T13:55:33Z","timestamp":1760018133000},"page":"801-812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Calvarial Bloom Biomechanics: Dural Tension Governing Cranial Form"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4648-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard G.","family":"Standerwick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice Walnut Grove Orthodontist  Langley British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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