{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:19:52Z","timestamp":1791659992792,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP.1\/163\/46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.1\/163\/46"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Effective anatomy education is critical for preparing medical students for clinical tasks such as surgical planning and radiological interpretation. Traditional chalkboard teaching and modern 3D printed models offer distinct approaches, yet their comparative pedagogical impact remains underexplored. This study evaluates chalkboard, 3D printed model, and hybrid teaching methods to optimize anatomy learning for clinical applications like coronary artery mapping and neurosurgery planning. A quasi\u2010experimental study involved 120 undergraduate medical students randomly assigned to three groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200940 each) for a 15\u2010week intervention: chalkboard (lectures with 2D diagrams), 3D printed models (hands\u2010on learning with patient\u2010specific models, e.g., 3D printed heart for angioplasty), and hybrid (integrating both, model\u2010first sequence). Outcomes were assessed via a 20\u2010item anatomy quiz (skeletal, cardiovascular, neuroanatomy, muscular domains), a 30\u2010item pre\u2010 and post\u2010activity questionnaire (5\u2010point Likert scale, knowledge, engagement, clarity), qualitative interviews (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200928, hybrid group), and the Pedagogical Visualization Index (PVI). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, paired t\u2010tests, and thematic analysis. The hybrid group outperforms others, with superior knowledge gain (81.8%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), engagement (4.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4), clarity (4.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3), and PVI (0.830) compared to 3D models (PVI: 0.720) and chalkboard (PVI: 0.543), excelling in cardiovascular (84%, e.g., coronary artery mapping) and neuroanatomy (85%, e.g., cranial nerve localization). Model\u2010first sequencing enhances outcomes (PVI: 0.86,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.03). Qualitative themes (78%) emphasize visualization for clinical reasoning (e.g., femoral artery mapping for vascular surgery). Additionally, the hybrid method demonstrates versatility across specialties, with students achieving high clarity (4.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2) in neurosurgery (e.g., optic nerve tracing for aneurysm clipping), precision (88%) in radiology (e.g., lung segmentation for pulmonary embolism), and engagement (4.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2) in orthopedics (e.g., ACL reconstruction), supported by tactile feedback from 3D models like the knee and congenital heart models for pediatric surgery (clarity 4.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1). The hybrid method, leveraging 3D printed models, optimizes anatomy learning for clinical tasks, supporting adoption in resource\u2010limited curricula. Future research should validate findings with larger cohorts and objective clinical assessments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T19:15:38Z","timestamp":1765394138000},"page":"813-830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Visualizing Anatomy: Comparing the Pedagogical Impact of Chalkboard Teaching and\n                    <scp>3D<\/scp>\n                    Models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2857-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bali","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazim","family":"Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amani","family":"Alhazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beena","family":"Bridget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-024-02268-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44411-025-00078-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-024-02143-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-023-03276-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2025.66.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2024.2383373"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05329-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07397-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tria.2021.100158"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.70118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-024-02079-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2365"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","article-title":"Comparative Study of the Flipped Classroom and Traditional Lecture Methods in Anatomy Teaching","volume":"16","author":"Jha S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-024-10178-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"Interdisciplinary Pedagogy: Integrated Teaching Anatomy With Diverse Disciplines","author":"Madaminov S. M.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-023-01798-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"Mokri S. M. G. andA. S.Abdelmagid.2025.\u201cAdvancing Anatomical Pedagogy: A Critical Overview of Traditional and Technological Instructional Paradigms.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/NJCA.NJCA_103_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04987-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poupard M. F.Larrue M.Bertrand D.Liguoro H.Sauz\u00e9on andA.Tricot.2025.\u201cEnhancing Anatomy Learning Through Mixed Reality\u2010Supported Drawing: Investigating Learning Performance Cognitive Load and Intrinsic Motivation.\u201d","DOI":"10.35542\/osf.io\/gzvcb_v1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Medical Image Data Conversion to Design Anatomical 3D Models for Creative Medical Applications","volume":"3","author":"Pratumaneechai K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"RICE Journal of Creative Entrepreneurship and Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00986283211000326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/fm.101602"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/30533"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21315\/eimj2021.13.3.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","article-title":"Interactive Quiz\u2010Based Anatomy Teaching for Medical Undergraduate Students","volume":"16","author":"Verma A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00030.2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-020-01198-3"}],"container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.70055","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ca.70055","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.70055","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:34:09Z","timestamp":1789648449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ca.70055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ca.70055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.70055","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-3806","1098-2353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-3806","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}