{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T01:13:20Z","timestamp":1773018800590,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The paraneurium is a distinct connective tissue sheath that loosely envelopes the epineurium. The space between the para\u2010 and epineurium (the subparaneurial compartment) holds significant clinical relevance, serving as a target for deposition of regional anesthesia and a potential pathway for the pathological spread of cysts and tumors. However, visualization of the paraneurial layer, as a separate structure from the epineurium, remains challenging with conventional MRI, especially in the absence of pathology. This study evaluated the visualization of the paraneurium using ultra\u2010high\u2010field 7\u2010Tesla (7\u2009T) MRI compared to conventional field strengths. We assessed normal nerve anatomy and a spectrum of pathological cases, including intraneural ganglion cysts, schwannomas, intraneural perineuriomas, and metastatic melanoma. The results demonstrated that 7\u2009T MRI provides superior resolution and delineation of the paraneurium compared to 1.5 and 3\u2009T systems. In normal anatomy, T1\u2010weighted and proton density (PD) sequences provided optimal contrast between the paraneurium and surrounding adipose tissue. In contrast, for pathological cases, T2\u2010weighted sequences with fat suppression were superior for depicting the paraneurium and identifying subparaneurial involvement. In conclusion, 7\u2009T MRI offers a significant advantage in identifying the thin paraneurial layer. This capability provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of tumor spread and holds promise for improving pre\u2010operative planning and clinical decision\u2010making in peripheral nerve pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T04:07:35Z","timestamp":1771474055000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of the Paraneurium With\n                    <scp>7\u2009T MRI<\/scp>\n                    in Normal Nerve Anatomy and Various Nerve Pathologies"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Nontaphon","family":"Piyawattanametha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, Division of Surgery Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Marek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godard C. W.","family":"de Ruiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Reina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology CEU\u2010San\u2010Pablo University School of Medicine  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of Florida College of Medicine  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly K.","family":"Amrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0443-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Spinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota 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