{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T19:38:15Z","timestamp":1783193895060,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002873","name":"Chulalongkorn University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of three different generative AI tools, ChatGPT\u20104o, Claude 3.7 Sonnet, and Gemini 2.0 Flash, with a specific focus on their accuracy and response consistency in supporting self\u2010directed learning in human skeletal anatomy. A total of 143 human skeletal specimens were selected for evaluation. Bone specimens from different donors were photographed to represent each structure, resulting in a total of 715 images. Four types of questions were generated to assess each AI model's ability to identify anatomical features. Responses were categorized into four groups: correct, incorrect, could not be specified, and not analyzable. For consistency assessment, 105 photographs were randomly selected from the total image set, and each was submitted to the three models independently on five separate occasions. The number of identical responses out of five was recorded for each model. ChatGPT\u20104o achieved the highest overall accuracy at 44.75%, significantly higher than the other two generative AI tools. Based on the coefficient scores calculated using Cohen's\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the majority of outcomes demonstrated levels of agreement ranging from slight to fair across the three pairs of tools compared. Gemini 2.0 Flash was the only model that produced responses classified as not analyzable. It also achieved the highest proportion of identical responses across five trials, at 62.86%. Claude 3.7 Sonnet showed the highest proportion of inconsistent responses. These findings suggest that the generative AI models evaluated lack the reliability required for anatomy education and should be used with caution due to their high propensity to generate inaccurate information.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T14:50:58Z","timestamp":1772981458000},"page":"636-644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Comparative Study of Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools for Human Bone Learning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Wachirawit","family":"Sirirat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Artificial Intelligence and Innovation (CAII) and Centre of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3678-8554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paak","family":"Rewthamrongsris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Artificial Intelligence and Innovation (CAII) and Centre of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kritchai","family":"Bespinyowong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Artificial Intelligence and Innovation (CAII) and Centre of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7998-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zohaib","family":"Khurshid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Artificial Intelligence and Innovation (CAII) and Centre of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry King Faisal University  Al\u2010Ahsa Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshman","family":"Samaranayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Periodontal Disease and Dental Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"Global Research Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth  Pune India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issarapong","family":"Kaewkamnerdpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1649-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanaphum","family":"Osathanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Artificial Intelligence and Innovation (CAII) and Centre of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24243"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chheang V. S.Sharmin R.MARQUEZ\u2010Hernandez et\u00a0al.2023.\u201cTowards Anatomy Education With Generative AI\u2010based Virtual Assistants in Immersive Virtual Reality Environments.\u201dPreprint arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIxVR59861.2024.00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022023000401198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.morpho.2025.100949"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.morpho.2022.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00372-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06942-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/46885"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-025-02303-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-025-03723-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2024.2314198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241233144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","article-title":"The Significance of Artificial Intelligence Platforms in Anatomy Education: An Experience With ChatGPT and Google Bard","volume":"15","author":"Ilgaz H. 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