{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:17:25Z","timestamp":1787782645436,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Breast geometric models constitute the foundation of biomechanical simulations. Most currently available models rely on patient\u2010specific reconstructions derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans. These approaches present several limitations, including requirement for patient\u2010specific imaging data, need for manual or semi\u2010automatic segmentation of images (both time\u2010consuming and operator\u2010dependent), and limited accuracy in biomechanical simulations due to large tissue deformations. The objective of this study was to develop a generic three\u2010dimensional (3D) geometric breast model that can be easily adapted using only a limited set of morphological parameters, thus eliminating the need for image segmentation. This prospective study was conducted in the Breast Surgery Department of Montpellier University Hospital, France, between March 2022 and March 2025, and consisted of four steps: (1) definition of constitutive materials based on clinical observations; (2) development of geometric model; (3) evaluation of model validity through reproductions of clinical cases; (4) construction of a numerical model. The proposed simplified geometric model was subdivided into five compartments: (1) chest wall; connective tissue, modeled as a cone composed of three compartments: (2) cone base (anchoring ring), (3) the surface enveloping the glandular tissue, and (4) the nipple\u2013areolar complex ring; (5) glandular\/adipose tissue volume. This 3D model was able to represent various breast morphologies and conditions. Based on these observations, a numerical 3D geometric model was developed, using a mass\u2010spring system. Further validation of the biomechanical accuracy of the model in simulating breast deformations is still required. This will be addressed in a future study comparing model outputs with breast MRI acquisitions obtained in three different positions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">Clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    : NCT05301998\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T21:17:47Z","timestamp":1787779067000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a Generic Geometric\n                    <scp>3D<\/scp>\n                    Model of the Breast Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Constatations"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8126-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Duraes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery Montpellier University Hospital  Montpellier France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Anatomy of Montpellier, Faculty of Medicine Montpellier\u2010Nimes Montpellier University  Montpellier France"},{"name":"Research\u2010Team ICAR LIRMM, Montpellier University, CNRS  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7461-4932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard","family":"Subsol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research\u2010Team ICAR LIRMM, Montpellier University, CNRS  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research\u2010Team ICAR LIRMM, Montpellier University, CNRS  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6637-0336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noura","family":"Faraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research\u2010Team ICAR LIRMM, Montpellier University, CNRS  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0783-154X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gauthier","family":"Rathat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery Montpellier University Hospital  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Coutureau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Montpellier University Hospital  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8240-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Mandoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Montpellier University Hospital  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Captier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anatomy of Montpellier, Faculty of Medicine Montpellier\u2010Nimes Montpellier University  Montpellier France"},{"name":"Research\u2010Team ICAR LIRMM, Montpellier University, CNRS  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemie","family":"Ranisavljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery Montpellier University Hospital  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Herlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery Montpellier University Hospital  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00053-6","article-title":"Methods for Modeling and Predicting Mechanical Deformations of the Breast Under External Perturbations","volume":"6","author":"Azar F. S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medical Image Analysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Computational Biomechanics for Medicine","author":"Babarenda Gamage T.","year":"2012"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2723","article-title":"A Polynomial Hyperelastic Model for the Mixture of Fat and Glandular Tissue in Female Breast","volume":"31","author":"Calvo\u2010Gallego J. L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"Carter T. J.2009.\u201cBiomechanical Modelling of the Breast for Image\u2010Guided Surgery.\u201dPhD thesis University of London."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"1040","volume-title":"Medical Image Computing and Computer\u2010Assisted Intervention\u2013MICCAI","author":"Chen D. T.","year":"2000"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.01.005","article-title":"A Finite Element Model to Accurately Predict Real Deformations of the Breast","volume":"30","author":"Palomar A. P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medical Engineering & Physics"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24134","article-title":"Evaluation of Breast Skin and Tissue Stiffness Using a Non\u2010Invasive Aspiration Device and Impact of Clinical Predictors","volume":"37","author":"Duraes M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Anatomy"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.13379","article-title":"Surgery of Nonpalpable Breast Cancer: First Step to a Virtual Per\u2010Operative Localization? First Step to Virtual Breast Cancer Localization","volume":"25","author":"Duraes M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","article-title":"New Insights on Breast Anatomy Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Surgical Observations","volume":"19","author":"Duraes M.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clinical Anatomy"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0962-8","article-title":"Comparison of Different Material Models to Simulate 3\u2010D Breast Deformations Using Finite Element Analysis","volume":"42","author":"Eder M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2013.6556450","volume-title":"2013 IEEE 10th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging","author":"Eiben B.","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1496-z","article-title":"Symmetric Biomechanically Guided Prone\u2010to\u2010Supine Breast Image Registration","volume":"44","author":"Eiben B.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"282","volume-title":"SPIE Medical Imaging","author":"Eiben B.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","volume-title":"SPIE Medical Imaging","author":"Garcia A.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"257","volume-title":"International Workshop on Digital Mammography","author":"Georgii J.","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2013.2294539","article-title":"A Non Linear Biomechanical Model Based Registration Method for Aligning Prone and Supine Mri Breast Images","volume":"33","author":"Han L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Bio\u2010Medical Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/2\/455","article-title":"Development of Patient\u2010Specific Biomechanical Models for Predicting Large Breast Deformation","volume":"57","author":"Han L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.893493","article-title":"Simulation of Mechanical Compression of Breast Tissue","volume":"54","author":"Kellner A. L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2012.06.012","article-title":"Mechanical Model of the Breast for the Prediction of Deformation During Imaging","volume":"35","author":"Kuhlmann M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medical Engineering & Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.10.020","article-title":"A Biomechanical Breast Model Evaluated With Respect to MRI Data Collected in Three Different Positions","volume":"60","author":"M\u00eera A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-014-3598-5","article-title":"Supine Breast MRI and 3D Optical Scanning: A Novel Approach to Improve Tumor Localization for Breast Conserving Surgery","volume":"21","author":"Pallone M. J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of Surgical Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2012.03.008","article-title":"A Multi\u2010Tissue Mass\u2010Spring Model for Computer Assisted Breast Surgery","volume":"35","author":"Patete P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medical Engineering & Physics"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.925714","article-title":"Predicting Tumor Location by Modeling the Deformation of the Breast","volume":"55","author":"Pathmanathan P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2008.07.017","article-title":"Creating Individual\u2010Specific Biomechanical Models of the Breast for Medical Image Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Rajagopal V.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Academic Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2007.12.034","article-title":"Breast\u2010Conserving Surgery Using Projection and Reproduction Techniques of Surgical\u2010Position Breast MRI in Patients With Ductal Carcinoma In\u00a0Situ of the Breast","volume":"207","author":"Sakakibara M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Surgeons"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4945275","article-title":"Finite\u2010Element Modeling of Compression and Gravity on a Population of Breast Phantoms for Multimodality Imaging Simulation","volume":"43","author":"Sturgeon G. M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medical Physics"}],"container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.70216","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ca.70216","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.70216","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T21:17:52Z","timestamp":1787779072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ca.70216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ca.70216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.70216","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-3806","1098-2353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-3806","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ca.70216"}}