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This review argues for a stronger and more specific claim: population\u2010level interventions have historically become possible only once a disease was localized to a defined anatomical structure, and the anatomy of that structure has repeatedly determined the design of the intervention itself. We trace a four\u2010step chain across recorded medical history: localization of a lesion to a structure, identification of the population exposed at that structure, design of an intervention around it, and measurement of the population effect. We then apply that chain to specific cases rather than general trends within ancient Egypt and Greece, the medieval Islamic era, the Renaissance, and the modern period. Within the modern period, the proposed four\u2010step chain first closes with anatomy determining the instruments that public health applies. Where the four\u2010step chain remains open in contemporary societies, failure is due to access and equity rather than anatomical knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T05:57:10Z","timestamp":1791784630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Health Across History: Exploring the Relationship Between Anatomical Sciences and Public Health"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0941-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blessing","family":"Silas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences School of Medicine, St. George's University  Grenada West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8972-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Montalbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences School of Medicine, St. George's University  Grenada West Indies"},{"name":"Department of Pathology School of Medicine, St. George's University  Grenada West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine St. George's University  Grenada West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Compton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine St. George's University  Grenada West Indies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2811-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Loukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences School of Medicine, St. George's University  Grenada West Indies"},{"name":"Department of Pathology School of Medicine, St. George's University  Grenada West Indies"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Anatomy Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17627"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538\u20107836.2011.04312.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5144\/0256\u20104947.2007.385"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w12051285"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(02)11522\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2012.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","volume-title":"General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine","author":"Bichat X.","year":"1801"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1955.02950220034009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(20)30725\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","volume-title":"A History of Public Health: From Past to Present","author":"Carney J. 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