{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:54:32Z","timestamp":1791550472632,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anatomy is often regarded as settled knowledge. Yet anatomical propositions differ enormously in their evidentiary foundations, while textbooks and atlases frequently present them with similar certainty. How, then, does an anatomical observation become anatomical knowledge? We introduce epistemological anatomy as a framework for the systematic study of how anatomical knowledge is generated, validated, transmitted, challenged, and revised. The framework treats the anatomical proposition as a unit of analysis and distinguishes among evidence, scientific confidence, and authority. It also introduces epistemic calibration, defined as the correspondence between the strength of evidence supporting a proposition and the confidence assigned to it. Because no generation can independently re\u2010examine the entire human body, anatomy necessarily depends on scientific inheritance and trust. Historical examples such as the human rete mirabile and meningeal lymphatic vessels illustrate how authority, technology, transmission, and re\u2010examination can alter the standing of anatomical propositions. Epistemological anatomy is proposed not as a replacement for traditional anatomy, but as a new field and complementary research program to make the evidentiary histories of anatomical claims more visible and to identify propositions that merit renewed investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:31:58Z","timestamp":1791549118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epistemological Anatomy: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Anatomical Knowledge"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2811-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Loukas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences St. George's University  St. George's Grenada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology St. George's University  St. George's Grenada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Anatomy Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8502-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"Iwanaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute Ochsner Health System  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1482-1657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u2010Sun","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine  Daegu South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiichi","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy Kurume University School of Medicine  Kurume Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6474-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed K.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences University of South Carolina School of Medicine  Greenville South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Shane","family":"Tubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences St. George's University  St. George's Grenada"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Tulane University School of Medicine  New Orleans Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute Ochsner Health System  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167\u2010016\u20104349\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Objectivity","author":"Daston L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.10079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2458\/lymph.6179"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2016.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact","author":"Fleck L.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2680"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22680"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2027007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22799"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2015.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions","author":"Kuhn T. 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