{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:49:41Z","timestamp":1791528581068,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Virtual reality (VR) remains inconsistently defined in medical education, with the term being applied to heterogeneous immersive and nonimmersive technologies. This inconsistency may hinder intervention classification, evidence synthesis, curriculum planning, and technology selection. This study aimed to analyze and clarify the concept of VR in medical education. A concept analysis was conducted using the eight stages of Walker and Avant's framework. A scoping review following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology provided the original documentary basis. A complementary concept\u2010directed, nonexhaustive search was subsequently conducted to refine the defining attributes, conceptual boundaries, and empirical referents. Forty\u2010nine sources were included in the original scoping review. Simulation, software\/technology, interaction, immersion, virtual environment, and three\u2010dimensional environment were recurrent terms in the analyzed literature. Eight antecedents and 16 reported consequences were identified. Skills\u2010training and patient\u2010safety needs were the most frequent antecedents, whereas skill enhancement, improved interaction, and increased knowledge were the most frequently reported consequences. Comparison with the complementary conceptual literature identified five defining attributes: a predominantly computer\u2010generated environment, three\u2010dimensional spatial organization, navigation or change in perspective, active interaction, and real\u2010time system responsiveness. Immersion and presence were interpreted as variable characteristics rather than universal binary requirements. A model case, a borderline case, an opposite case, and empirical referents were developed. VR in medical education is a simulation technology that enables learners to navigate or interact with real\u2010time system responsiveness within a predominantly computer\u2010generated three\u2010dimensional spatial environment for educational purposes. The proposed attributes and empirical referents may support more consistent classification, reporting, evidence synthesis, curriculum planning, and technology selection but should be interpreted as a contemporary and revisable conceptual synthesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.70233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:04:42Z","timestamp":1791525882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtual Reality in Medical Education: A Concept Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7505-9432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur Rodrigues","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Multicampi de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte  Caic\u00f3 RN Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9768-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Beatriz Gabriel Silva","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Multicampi de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte  Caic\u00f3 RN Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7935-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Eduardo","family":"dos Santos Targino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Multicampi de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte  Caic\u00f3 RN Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3929-2082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1dala Nayana","family":"de Sousa Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Multicampi de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte  Caic\u00f3 RN Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6975-8683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00edlia Souto","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermagem Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte  Natal RN Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5074-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Mazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina de Bauru Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  Bauru SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3119-7822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eudes Euler","family":"de Souza Lucena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Multicampi de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte  Caic\u00f3 RN Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4199-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael Raniere","family":"de Oliveira Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Multicampi de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte  Caic\u00f3 RN Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44943-1_7","volume-title":"Effective Training of Arthroscopic Skills","author":"Akhtar K.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis","author":"Aromataris E.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903\u2010019\u20100937\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02086"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CIN.0000000000000540"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673\u20105374.131612"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/pme.1538"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/34860"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34197\/ats\u2010scholar.2021\u20100002RE"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912\u2010023\u201001639\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1201852"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/12959"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","volume-title":"Healthcare Simulation Dictionary","author":"Lioce L.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909\u2010024\u201005777\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"1321","article-title":"A Taxonomy of Mixed Reality Visual Displays","volume":"12","author":"Milgram P.","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEICE Transactions on Information Systems E77\u2010D"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2014.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643\u2010016\u20100384\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00505"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/fhj.2019\u20100036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-155860353-0\/50001-X","volume-title":"Understanding Virtual Reality: Interface, Application, and Design","author":"Sherman W. R.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2022.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.647997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing","author":"Walker L. O.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8004883"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000498923"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2005.297"}],"container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.70233","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ca.70233","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.70233","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:04:44Z","timestamp":1791525884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ca.70233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ca.70233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.70233","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-3806","1098-2353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-3806","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ca.70233"}}