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This study aimed to uncover the specific mechanisms underlying the difference in sensitivity to ICI treatment between tumors with high (HTB) and low (LTB) tumor burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">For in vivo studies, several mouse models of subcutaneous tumors were established, and transcriptome sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry assays were used to detect the immune status in these subcutaneous tumors. For in vitro experiments, co\u2010culture models, cytokine antibody arrays, western blotting, flow cytometry, and enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assays were used to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n                      We found that MC38 or B16 subcutaneous tumors from the HTB group did not show any response to anti\u2010programmed cell death protein\u20101 (PD\u20101) therapy. Through flow cytometry assays, we found that the infiltration with CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells was significantly decreased whereas M2\u2010like macrophages were enriched in subcutaneous tumors of HTB groups compared with those of LTB group. These changes were not affected by the initial number of injected tumor cells or tumor age, nor could they be reversed by surgical tumor reduction. Intraperitoneal colony\u2010stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF\u20101R) inhibitor PLX3397 injection at different time points of tumor growth only had an effect when administered in the early tumor stage to maintain the \u201cheat\u201d of the tumor microenvironment during the process of tumor growth, thereby achieving a response to ICI treatment when the tumor grew to a large size. Mechanistically, we found that insulin\u2010like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) expression levels were significantly elevated in HTB tumor tissues. IGFBP2 promoted the programmed death\u2010ligand 1 (PD\u2010L1) expression in M2\u2010like macrophages by activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and PD\u2010L1\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      M2\u2010like macrophages exerted an immunosuppressive effect by inhibiting the proliferation and activation of CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells in a PD\u2010L1\u2010dependent fashion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n                      This study suggested that the low efficacy of ICI treatment in HTB tumors is mainly attributed to the intratumoral accumulation of PD\u2010L1\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      M2\u2010like macrophages via the IGFBP2\u2010STAT3\u2010PD\u2010L1 signaling pathway and their substantial inhibitory effects on T cell proliferation and activation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,9]],"date-time":"2023-04-09T02:55:00Z","timestamp":1681008900000},"page":"562-581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["High baseline tumor burden\u2010associated macrophages promote an immunosuppressive microenvironment and reduce the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors through the IGFBP2\u2010STAT3\u2010PD\u2010L1 pathway"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Zhaowei","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanfang Hospital","place":["Guangzhou, 510515, P. 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