{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T13:08:52Z","timestamp":1769346532943,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,10]],"date-time":"2017-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["07CN120\u2010B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["07CN120\u2010B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008700","name":"Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies conducted in China linked selenium deficiency to higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESCC<\/jats:styled-content>), but this has not been widely tested outside that selenium\u2010deficient region. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between selenium and other mineral concentrations in toenails and risk of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESCC<\/jats:styled-content> in a region with high incidence rates. In this nested case\u2013control study, we identified 222 cases of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESCC<\/jats:styled-content> from the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran, which has followed up 50,045 participants since enrollment (2004\u20132008). We randomly selected one control for each case matched by age and sex, using incidence density sampling. We used toenail samples collected at baseline to measure the concentration of selenium, zinc, chromium, mercury, and scandium using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Multivariate adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>) and 95% confidence intervals. Median nail selenium, zinc, chromium, and mercury levels were 1.01, 74.59, 0.77, and 0.018\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/g in cases and 1.02, 75.71, 0.71, and 0.023\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/g in controls, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios comparing each fourth quartile of mineral status versus the first quartile were as follows: selenium\u00a0=\u00a00.78 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 0.41\u20131.49); zinc=0.80 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 0.42\u20131.53); chromium\u00a0=\u00a00.91 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 0.46\u20131.80); and mercury=0.61 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 0.27\u20131.38), and all trend tests were non\u2013significant. The nail selenium concentration in our controls reflects relatively high selenium status. No evidence of association between selenium or chromium concentrations in toenails and the risk of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESCC<\/jats:styled-content> was detected in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,10]],"date-time":"2017-11-10T11:42:37Z","timestamp":1510314157000},"page":"3052-3059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Toenail mineral concentration and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, results from the Golestan Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9702-9752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Hashemian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Oncology Research Center Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Metabolic Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland"},{"name":"Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences  Sabzevar Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-5337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwen","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Etemadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Oncology Research Center Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Metabolic Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Poustchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Oncology Research Center Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Brockman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Reactor Centre University of Missouri\u2010Columbia  Columbia Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farin","family":"Kamangar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Research Center Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences Morgan State University Morgan State University  Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akram","family":"Pourshams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Khoshnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Research Center Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Golestan University of Medical Sciences  Gorgan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdolsamad","family":"Gharavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Research Center Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Golestan University of Medical Sciences  Gorgan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanford M.","family":"Dawsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul. J.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo.","family":"Boffetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tisch Cancer Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azita","family":"Hekmatdoost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Malekzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Oncology Research Center Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Digestive Disease Research Center Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian C.","family":"Abnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute  Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability\u2010adjusted life\u2010years for 32 cancer groups to 2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"2016","author":"Fitzmaurice C.","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2009.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308124"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2010.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(84)90035-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i17.2544"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.21.1753"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2005467"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"899","article-title":"Selenium protection from DNA damage involves a Ref1\/p53\/Brca1 protein complex","volume":"26","author":"Fischer J. 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