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This process is known as field carcinogenesis. In this study, we used partial wave spectroscopic (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) microscopy to explore the progression of field carcinogenesis by measuring samples collected from 190 patients with a range of colonic history (no history, low\u2010risk history, and high\u2010risk history) and current colon health (healthy, nondiminutive adenomas (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NDA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ; \u22655\u00a0mm and &lt;10\u00a0mm), and advanced adenoma [\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ; \u226510\u00a0mm,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HGD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , or &gt;25% villous features]). The low\u2010risk history groups include patients with a history of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NDA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . The high\u2010risk history groups include patients with either a history of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    or colorectal cancer (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ).\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    is a nanoscale\u2010sensitive imaging technique which measures the organization of intracellular structure. Previous studies have shown that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    is sensitive to changes in the higher\u2010order (20\u2013200\u00a0nm) chromatin topology that occur due to field carcinogenesis within histologically normal cells. The results of this study show that these nanoscale structural alterations are correlated with a patient's colonic history, which suggests that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    can detect altered field carcinogenic signatures even in patients with negative colonoscopies. Furthermore, we developed a model to calculate the 5\u2010year risk of developing\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    for each patient group. We found that our data fit this model remarkably well (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.946). This correlation suggests that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    could potentially be used to monitor\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    progression less invasively and in patients without adenomas, which opens\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PWS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    to many potential cancer care applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,24]],"date-time":"2018-03-24T00:23:52Z","timestamp":1521851032000},"page":"2109-2120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Correlating colorectal cancer risk with field carcinogenesis progression using partial wave spectroscopic microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Scott","family":"Gladstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois 60208 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhwanil","family":"Damania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois 60208 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luay M.","family":"Almassalha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois 60208 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren T.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois 60208 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois 60208 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hariharan","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois 60208 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas K.","family":"Rex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology\/Hepatology Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7613-5575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemant K.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology Boston Medical Center\/Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts 02118 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1981-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vadim","family":"Backman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois 60208 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2014.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.217182"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119748"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-03-0763"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-0976"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.18.1366"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"2353","article-title":"A bile acid\u2010induced apoptosis assay for colon cancer risk and associated quality control studies","volume":"59","author":"Bernstein C.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. 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