{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T03:25:35Z","timestamp":1762917935525,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"KAKENHI","award":["16K10680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K10680"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The significance of epithelial\u2010mesenchymal transition (EMT) and immune checkpoint proteins in thymic carcinoma remains unknown. We examined the clinical significance of EMT, tumor\u2010infiltrating lymphocytes expressing the immune checkpoint protein, programmed cell death 1 (PD\u20101\u00a0+\u00a0TILs), and the expression of PD\u20101 ligand 1 (PD\u2010L1) in thymic carcinoma (TC). We also investigated the relationships between these immune checkpoint proteins and the EMT status and examined the impact of induction chemotherapy on patients with tumors that express these proteins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between PD\u20101\u00a0+\u00a0TILs\/PD\u2010L1 and clinicopathological findings including EMT was investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of surgically resected samples from 43 patients with TC. In 15 patients receiving induction therapy (IT), those factors were compared before and after IT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>With IHC, 26 cases (60.5%) were positive for PD\u2010L1, and 19 cases were positive for PD\u20101\u00a0+\u00a0TILs (44.2%). The disease\u2010free survival rate in patients showing EMT and who were PD\u20101\/PD\u2010L1 positive was significantly worse compared to negative cases (EMT; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0095, PD\u20101; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001, PD\u2010L1; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0037). We found a significant relationship between PD\u2010L1 and EMT status (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01). In patients who received IT, PD\u2010L1 increased, and the change was strongly correlated with EMT status (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epithelial\u2010mesenchymal transition, PD\u2010L1, and PD\u20101\u00a0+\u00a0TILs have prognostic impact, and PD\u2010L1 is correlated with EMT status. PD\u2010L1 expression after IT was significantly higher compared to before IT and was correlated with the EMT change. Thus, PD\u2010L1 may be upregulated during EMT, and anti\u2010PD\u20101\/PD\u2010L1 immunotherapy may provide reliable treatment of TC in combination with chemotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T03:46:20Z","timestamp":1546400780000},"page":"216-226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The prognostic impact of programmed cell death 1 and its ligand and the correlation with epithelial\u2010mesenchymal transition in thymic carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2386-4736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soichiro","family":"Funaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Thoracic Surgery Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita\u2010city 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