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All underwent the planned full dose of carbon\u2010ion radiotherapy, administered with relative biological effectiveness of 52.8\u00a0Gy and 60\u00a0Gy (divided into four fractions over 1\u00a0week) for T1 and T2a tumors, respectively. The 2\u2010year local control rate was set as the primary endpoint, while overall survival, progression\u2010free survival, and the incidence rates of acute and late adverse events were secondary endpoints. The patients were followed up for 56.3\u00a0months overall and 62.2\u00a0months in the surviving patients, respectively. The actuarial local control rates were 91.2% after 2 years, and 88.1% after 5 years. No differences were found between the T1 and T2a tumors in the 5\u2010year local control rate (90.9% vs 86.7%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.75). The actuarial overall survival rates achieved 91.9% for 2\u2010year and 74.9% for 5\u2010year period. T1 tumors showed actuarial 5\u2010year overall survival rates of 80%, compared to 66.7% in T2a tumors. Two patients with T2a tumors and either severe emphysema or bronchiectasis experienced lung toxicity\u00a0\u2265\u00a0grade 2, in contrast to T1 patients who only experienced mild toxicities (lower than grade 2). The findings suggest that carbon\u2010ion radiotherapy is effective and safe for peripheral stage I NSCLC; however, further clinical evaluations are needed to confirm its therapeutic efficacy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Trial registration: UMIN000003797. Registered 21 June 2010, prospectively registered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T13:35:26Z","timestamp":1568813726000},"page":"6644-6650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Hypofractionated carbon\u2010ion radiotherapy for stage I peripheral nonsmall cell lung cancer (GUNMA0701): Prospective phase II study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7863-6023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun\u2010ichi","family":"Saitoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center Maebashi Gunma Japan"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Faculty of Medicine University of Toyama Toyama Toyama 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