{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T15:57:24Z","timestamp":1780415844953,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000182","name":"Medical Research and Materiel Command","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH1910215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH1910215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gastric cancer disproportionately affects Latinos, but little is known about regional effects and risk factors. We compared primary incidence, late\u2010stage diagnosis, and risk factors for gastric adenocarcinoma (GCA) from 2004 to 2016 in Latinos and non\u2010Latinos in the United States, Texas (TX), and South Texas (STX).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected case data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and the Texas Cancer Registry. We generated average annual age\u2010adjusted incidence rates, rate ratios (RRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using SEER*Stat software and analyzed the cases by anatomic site, demographics, and county\u2010level risk factors using SAS 9.4. We constructed multilevel logistic regression models for late\u2010stage GCA, adjusting for patient\u2010 and county\u2010level characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Latinos had higher overall GCA incidence rates in all regions, with the greatest disparities in overlap GCA in STX males (RR 4.39; 95% CI: 2.85, 6.93). There were no differences in cardia GCA rates for non\u2010Hispanic Whites (NHWs) and Latino women in all regions. Younger patients, patients with overlapping or not otherwise specified (NOS) lesions, and patients diagnosed during 2012\u20132016 had higher odds of late\u2010stage GCA. The stratification by location showed no differences in late\u2010stage disease between NHWs and Latinos. The stratification by anatomic site showed Latinos with cardia GCA were more likely to have late\u2010stage GCA than NHWs (OR: 1.13, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.008). At the county level, higher odds of late\u2010stage GCA were associated with medium and high social deprivation levels in TX without STX (OR: 1.25 and 1.20, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.007 and 0.028, respectively), and medium social deprivation index (SDI) in patients with NOS GCA (OR: 1.21, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>STX Latinos experience greater GCA disparities than those in TX and the United States. Younger age and social deprivation increase the risk for late\u2010stage GCA, while Latinos and women are at higher risk specifically for late\u2010stage cardia GCA. There is a need for population\u2010specific, culturally responsive intervention and prevention measures, and additional research to elucidate contributing risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T08:47:21Z","timestamp":1629362841000},"page":"6468-6479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gastric adenocarcinoma burden and late\u2010stage diagnosis in Latino and non\u2010Latino populations in the United States and Texas, during 2004\u20132016: A multilevel analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8059-3392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorothy","family":"Long Parma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences School of Medicine The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA"},{"name":"Mays Cancer Center The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences School of Medicine The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences School of Medicine The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5310-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelie G.","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences School of Medicine The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA"},{"name":"Mays Cancer Center The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21494"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau.State and U.S. QuickFacts. 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