{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T23:29:13Z","timestamp":1780097353265,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]],"date-time":"2021-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>2\u2010deoxy\u20102\u2010[fluorine\u201018] fluoro\u2010d\u2010glucose (<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F\u2010FDG) positron emission tomography (<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F\u2010FDG\u2010PET) is a convenient modality to assess the metabolic activity within tumor cells. However, there is no consensus regarding the relationship between <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F\u2010FDG uptake and the immune environment in thymic epithelial tumors (TETs). We conducted a clinicopathological study to elucidate the relationship between <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F\u2010FDG uptake and programmed death ligands 1 and 2 (PD\u2010L1\/PD\u2010L2) expression in patients with TETs. Methods: A total of 108 patients with histologically confirmed TETs classified as thymomas or thymic carcinomas who underwent surgical resection or biopsy or needle biopsy and <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F\u2010FDG PET before any treatment between August 2007 and March 2020 were enrolled in this study. Tumor specimens underwent immunohistochemical staining for PD\u2010L1, PD\u2010L2, GLUT1, HIF\u20101\u03b1, VEGFR2, VEGF\u2010C, and \u03b22 adrenergic receptor. Results: High uptakes of SUV<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, SUV<jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>, MTV, and TLG were identified in 28 (25.9%), 61 (56.5%), 55 (50.9%), and 55 (50.9%) of 108 patients, respectively. High uptake of SUV<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> significantly correlated with PS (performance status) of 1\u20132, thymic carcinoma, and advanced stage, and SUV<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> on <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F\u2010FDG uptake displayed a close association with PD\u2010L1 and PD\u2010L2 expressions, but not with MTV and TLG. Our analysis revealed that SUV<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> was identified as being significant relationship for positive PD\u2010L1\/PD\u2010L2 expression. GLUT1, HIF\u20101\u03b1, and VEGFR2 were significantly associated with the expression of PD\u2010L1\/PD\u2010L2 from the biological viewpoint.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F\u2010FDG accumulation was closely associated with the expression of PD\u2010L1\/PD\u2010L2, which, in turn, was correlated with glucose metabolism and hypoxia. PD\u2010L1\/PD\u2010L2 could affect the glucose metabolism and hypoxia in thymic tumor cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]],"date-time":"2021-08-07T10:35:11Z","timestamp":1628332511000},"page":"6317-6326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tumor immunity is related to <sup>18<\/sup>F\u2010FDG uptake in thymic epithelial tumor"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3097-4255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisao","family":"Imai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center International Medical Center Saitama University Hospital Hidaka\u2010City Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoichi","family":"Kaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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