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The purpose of this study was to gain insight into potential roles for macrophages in hepatoblastoma. Paraffin\u2010embedded specimens from 56 patients who underwent surgical resection were examined with immunohistochemical staining for the macrophage\u2010specific markers, Iba1 and CD163. Significant differences were seen among histological subtypes. Significantly increased numbers of macrophages were detected in embryonal components compared to fetal components in the mixed epithelial type. In vitro studies using human monocyte\u2010derived macrophages and two hepatoblastoma cell lines (HepG2 and Huh6) were performed. Conditioned medium from these cell lines induced increased CD163 expression in macrophages. Direct co\u2010culture with macrophages induced tumor cell proliferation via induction of protumor cytokine secretion from macrophages. Direct co\u2010culture with macrophages also induced interleukin (IL)\u201034 overexpression by Huh6 cells via Brd4 signaling. IL\u201034 overexpression promoted tumor cell proliferation and chemoresistance. High IL\u201034 and Brd4 expression was detected in embryonal components, which have potentially higher proliferation activity than fetal components. In conclusion, IL\u201034 expression in embryonal components may induce macrophage chemotaxis in a paracrine manner, and tumor cell proliferation and chemoresistance in an autocrine manner. IL\u201034 is a potential therapeutic target for hepatoblastoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T09:45:22Z","timestamp":1644313522000},"page":"1441-1453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["IL\u201034 in hepatoblastoma cells potentially promote tumor progression via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Irie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Pathology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University  Kumamoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery and Transplantation Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University  Kumamoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiki","family":"Yoshii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell 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