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The present study aims to assess the efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus (Onco<jats:sup>Ad<\/jats:sup>) in enhancing the anti\u2010PD\u20101 treatment of CRC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts algorithm was used for estimating the infiltrated immune cells in melanoma and CRC tissues. The efficacy of Onco<jats:sup>Ad<\/jats:sup> with anti\u2010PD\u20101 monotherapy was performed in a CT26 CRC mouse model in vivo. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood and tumor tissues determined the difference anti\u2010tumor immune efficacy of Onco<jats:sup>Ad<\/jats:sup> with anti\u2010PD\u20101 monotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Cancer Genome Atlas database indicated that CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells and regulatory T cells were significantly elevated in melanoma compared to CRC cohorts. Moreover, intratumor injection of oncolytic adenovirus enhanced T cell infiltration and decreased Treg percentages in the CT26 CRC colorectal cancer mouse model. Combinatorial Onco<jats:sup>Ad<\/jats:sup> with anti\u2010PD\u20101 antibody treatment markedly enhanced the anti\u2010tumor efficacy of anti\u2010PD\u20101 by significantly decreasing the tumor volume and reducing tumor growth in a CRC mouse model. To the end, Onco<jats:sup>Ad<\/jats:sup> treatment increased the CD8\/Treg ratio, indicating that Onco<jats:sup>Ad<\/jats:sup> intratumor injection ameliorate the anti\u2010tumor immune response of anti\u2010PD\u20101 therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study elucidates that Onco<jats:sup>Ad<\/jats:sup> promotes intratumor T cell infiltration and improves anti\u2010PD\u20101 immunotherapy, thereby providing a potent combinatorial therapeutic strategy for CRC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T10:33:54Z","timestamp":1656412434000},"page":"4575-4587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Oncolytic adenovirus <scp>H101<\/scp> ameliorate the efficacy of <scp>anti\u2010PD<\/scp>\u20101 monotherapy in colorectal 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