{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T13:11:07Z","timestamp":1787663467380,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]],"date-time":"2015-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, the Netherlands"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed whether infection with chlamydia increases the incidence of carcinogenic human papillomavirus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content>) infections and if <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> persistence is affected by chlamydia co\u2010infection. For 1982 women (16\u201329\u00a0years\u2010old) participating in two consecutive rounds of a chlamydia screening implementation trial, swabs were polymerase chain reaction tested to detect chlamydia and 14 carcinogenic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> genotypes. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> type\u2010specific incidence and persistence rates were stratified for chlamydia positivity at follow\u2010up. Associations were assessed by multilevel logistic regression analyses with correction for sexual risk factors. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> type\u2010specific incidence ranged from 1.4% to 8.9% and persistence from 22.7% to 59.4% after a median follow\u2010up of 11\u00a0months (interquartile range: 11\u201312). Differences in 1\u2010year <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> persistence rates between chlamydia \u2010infected and noninfected women were less distinct than differences in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> incidence rates (pooled adjusted odds ratios of 1.17 [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.69\u20131.96] and 1.84 [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.36\u20132.47], respectively). The effect of chlamydia co\u2010infection on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infection risk did not significantly differ by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> genotype. In conclusion, infection with chlamydia increases the risk of infection by carcinogenic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> types and may enhance persistence of some <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> types. Although these findings could reflect residual confounding through unobserved risk factors, our results do give reason to explore more fully the association between chlamydia and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> type\u2010specific acquisition and persistence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]],"date-time":"2015-07-21T03:37:51Z","timestamp":1437449871000},"page":"1589-1598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Incidence and persistence of carcinogenic genital human papillomavirus infections in young women with or without <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i> co\u2010infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Henrike J.","family":"Vriend","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Centre for Infectious Disease Control  Bilthoven The Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Internal Medicine Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) Academic Medical Center (AMC)  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes A.","family":"Bogaards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Centre for Infectious Disease Control  Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan E. A. M.","family":"van Bergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STI AIDS Netherlands  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of General Practices Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoinette A. T. P.","family":"Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC)  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid V. F.","family":"van den Broek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Centre for Infectious Disease Control  Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian J. P. A.","family":"Hoebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"South Limburg Public Health Service  Geleen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey J.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Centre for Infectious Disease Control  Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne A. B.","family":"van der Sande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Centre for Infectious Disease Control  Bilthoven The Netherlands"},{"name":"Julius Center University Medical Center  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra F. 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