{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T21:03:27Z","timestamp":1781557407730,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000885","name":"Children's Cancer Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01CA239701\u201001A1S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01CA239701\u201001A1S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH\u201021\u20101\u20100397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH\u201021\u20101\u20100397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Black children have lower incidence yet worse survival than White and Latinx children with B\u2010cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B\u2010ALL). It is unclear how reported race\/ethnicity (RRE) is associated with death in B\u2010ALL after accounting for differentially expressed genes associated with genetic ancestry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using Phase 1 and 2 NCI TARGET B\u2010ALL cases (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009273; RRE\u2010Black\u00a0=\u00a021, RRE\u2010White\u00a0=\u00a0162, RRE\u2010Latinx\u00a0=\u00a069, RRE\u2010Other\u00a0=\u00a09, RRE\u2010Unknown\u00a0=\u00a012), we estimated proportions of African (AFR), European (EUR), and Amerindian (AMR) genetic ancestry. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) between ancestry and death while adjusting for RRE and clinical measures. We identified genes associated with genetic ancestry and adjusted for them in RRE and death associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetic ancestry varied within RRE (RRE\u2010Black, AFR proportion: Mean: 78.5%, Range: 38.2%\u201393.6%; RRE\u2010White, EUR proportion: Mean: 94%, Range: 1.6%\u201399.9%; RRE\u2010Latinx, AMR proportion: Mean: 52.0%, Range: 1.2%\u201398.7%). We identified 10, 1, and 6 differentially expressed genes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>adjusted<\/jats:sub>\u00a0&lt;0.05) associated with AFR, AMR, and EUR ancestry proportion, respectively. We found AMR and AFR ancestry were statistically significantly associated with death (AMR each 10% HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03\u20131.17, AFR each 10% increase HR: 1.03, 95% CI:1.01\u20131.19). RRE differences in the risk of death were larger in magnitude upon adjustment for genes associated with genetic ancestry for RRE\u2010Black, but not RRE\u2010Latinx children (RRE\u2010Black HR: 3.35, 95% CI: 1.31, 8.53; RRE\u2010Latinx HR: 1.47, 0.88\u20132.45).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our work highlights B\u2010ALL survival differences by RRE after adjusting for ancestry differentially expressed genes suggesting other factors impacting survival are important.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T04:09:36Z","timestamp":1663733376000},"page":"4761-4772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Genetic ancestry, differential gene expression, and survival in pediatric B\u2010cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7317-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freddy A.","family":"Barragan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science Macalester College  St. Paul Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8914-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren J.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7069-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Raduski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9630-9701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin L.","family":"Marcotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Masonic Cancer Center University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8306-9238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey E.","family":"Grinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science Macalester College  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2516-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Logan G.","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Masonic Cancer Center University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3842-4629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Masonic Cancer Center University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota 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