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In addition, Cox proportional hazards model and the Fine\u2013Gray model were used to quantify the effects of covariates on total cancer mortality and six specific cancer mortalities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the follow\u2010up period, 1482 participants died of cancer. Their baseline average eGFR was 73.8\u2009\u00b1\u200919.9\u2009mL\/min\/1.73\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, and 18.3% had rapid renal function decline (\u22655\u2009mL\/min\/1.73\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> per year). Rapid renal function decline was positively related to age, baseline eGFR, proteinuria, hypertension, waist circumferences, high log triglyceride levels, and diabetes mellitus (DM) history. In Cox proportional hazard models, participants with rapid eGFR decline had an increased risk of cancer mortality [hazard ratio (95% CI): 1.97 (1.73, 2.24); <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001] compared to those without rapid eGFR decline. In the analysis of site\u2010specific cancer mortality risk, rapid eGFR decline was associated with six site\u2010specific cancer mortality, namely gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary, lung, prostate, urinary tract, and hematological malignancies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elderly individuals with rapid kidney function decline had higher cancer mortality risks. 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