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However, predictive markers related to the effects of Len treatment are not fully understood. This study aimed to identify candidate biomarkers for predicting the clinical efficacy of Len and dexamethasone (Ld) therapy through a comprehensive analysis of serum cytokines. The levels of 48 cytokines in the serum of patients with MM just before Ld therapy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200977), at the time of best response (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200956), and at disease progression (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200949) were measured and evaluated. Patients with high IL\u201018 and M\u2010CSF levels showed significantly shorter progression\u2010free survival and overall survival (OS). In contrast, patients with high PDGF\u2010BB levels had longer survival. Moreover, low levels of G\u2010CSF, IL\u20107, IL\u20108, and SDF\u20101\u03b1 were associated with shorter OS after Ld therapy. During Ld therapy, pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines such as IL\u20102R\u03b1, IL\u201018, and TNF\u2010\u03b1 were decreased, while IFN\u2010\u03b3 was increased. IL\u20104 and IL\u20106 levels increased during disease progression. In conclusion, this study provides a better understanding of the association between cytokines and the efficacy of Ld therapy as well as the unique changes in cytokines related to inflammatory and immune responses during Ld therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T13:58:38Z","timestamp":1721397518000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comprehensive analysis of serum cytokines in patients with multiple myeloma before and after lenalidomide and dexamethasone"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2564-0568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuto","family":"Tachita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences  Nagoya Japan"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology 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