{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:00:53Z","timestamp":1790233253823,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010090","name":"Women and Children's Health Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breast and cervical cancers pose significant health challenges for women globally, emphasizing the critical importance of effective screening programs for early detection. In Canada, despite the implementation of accessible healthcare systems, ethnic and racialized disparities in cancer screening persist. This study aims to assess ethnic and racialized disparities in breast and cervical cancer screening in Canada.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using 2015\u20132019 data from the Canadian Community Health Survey, we analyzed women aged 18\u201370 in distinct ethnic and racial groups. The primary outcome was mammography or Papanicolaou test (pap smear). The secondary outcome was time since the last screening. We used weighted multivariable logistic regression to estimate the odds of having a pap smear or mammography across the ethnic and racialized groups, adjusted for relevant covariates. Results were reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 14,628,067 women of which 72.5% were White, 8.4% Southeast Asian, 4.7% South Asian, 3.4% Indigenous, 2.7% Black, 2.0% West Asian, and 1.6% Latin American. In comparison with the White reference group, a higher odds ratio of not having a pap smear was estimated for the West Asian (5.63; CI 3.85, 8.23), South Asian (5.19; CI 3.79, 7.12), Southeast Asian (4.35; CI 3.46, 5.46), and Black groups (2.62; CI 1.82, 3.78). Disparities in mammography screening were found only for the Southeast Asian group with higher odds of not having screening (1.85; CI 1.15, 2.98) compared to the White reference group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study reveals significant disparities in pap smear and mammography screenings affecting various ethnic groups, particularly in West Asia, South Asian, and Black communities. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions, policies, and healthcare strategies to address these gaps and ensure equitable access to essential breast and cervical cancer prevention across all ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T10:03:14Z","timestamp":1729850594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ethnic and racialized disparities in the use of screening services for pap smears and mammograms in Canada"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bukola O.","family":"Salami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy Z.","family":"Kalenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Olukotun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre M. N.","family":"Renzaho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Health Research Institute Western Sydney University  Campbelltown New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7290-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aloysius Nwabugo","family":"Maduforo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus A.","family":"Serrano\u2010Lomelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences Queens University  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Modupe","family":"Tunde\u2010Byass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regine U.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Work University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solina","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tehseen","family":"Ladha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambikaipakan","family":"Senthilselvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Black Health Alliance  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria B.","family":"Ospina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences Queens University  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Cancer Prevention.2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Canadian Cancer Society.Cancer Statistics at a Glance.2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"Canadian Cancer Society.Breast Cancer Statistics.2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada Breast Cancer. 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