{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T12:58:01Z","timestamp":1765285081701,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a significant global health burden, with late presentation leading to complex treatment. While human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been implicated in HNC, data from low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs) are limited. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and role of HPV in head and neck cancers diagnosed in Rwanda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cross\u2010sectional study was conducted using Rwanda Cancer Registry from January 2011 through December 2020. p16 immunohistochemistry as a surrogate for HPV was performed on a randomly selected case. p16\u2010positive cases were genotyped.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1001 patients with HNC were identified; 82% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009819) had squamous cell carcinoma. The mean age at diagnosis was 51.1\u2009years, with a majority being males (58%). Oral cavity and lip (27%) were the most common primary cancer sites. Stage was unknown in most cases (75%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009747). HIV status was known in 33% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009334) of patients with 10% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200933) HIV\u2010positive; 22% of 202 randomly selected cases were p16\u2010positive; 34% of the p16\u2010positive cases were oropharynx. PCR analysis of p16\u2010positive cases showed 19% HPV positivity, and HPV16 was the most common high\u2010risk HPV strain, and 55.5% were recorded HPV\u2010positive by PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HNC cases in Rwanda have been increasing from 2011 to 2020, with a significant portion being HPV\u2010positive. Strategies to implement routine testing for p16, especially in oropharynx cancer patients, improved preservation of tissue samples, collection of comprehensive information including cancer risk factors, staging, and treatment are needed in Rwanda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T07:53:58Z","timestamp":1731398038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus\u2010Associated Head and Neck Cancer in Rwanda: A 10\u2010Year Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8129-5714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fidel","family":"Rubagumya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Military Hospital  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Research for Development (RD Rwanda)  Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Dartmouth 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Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Kwizera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research for Development (RD Rwanda)  Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julienne","family":"Imuragire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Faisal Hospital  Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thierry Z.","family":"Muvunyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Faisal Hospital  Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Izimukwiye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Military Hospital  Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adebola","family":"Adedimeji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Population Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York 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