{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:40:14Z","timestamp":1777099214427,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002794","name":"Cancerfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20 1033 PjF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20 1033 PjF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002794","name":"Cancerfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAN 2017\/1019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAN 2017\/1019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Collider bias is often considered a potential explanation when the association between obesity and disease diagnosis differs from that with disease outcome, as seen in the \u201cobesity paradox.\u201d For prostate cancer (PCa), in particular localized PCa, an \u201cinverse\u201d obesity paradox has been observed, where body mass index (BMI) is negatively associated with diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR] ~0.9 per 5\u2010kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> increase), but positively associated with PCa\u2010specific death (HR\u2009~\u20091.2). However, collider bias in this context remains unexplored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We simulated binary disease diagnosis and outcome data, including the typically unmeasured\/unknown background variable (U) that could introduce collider bias. We calculated U\u2010unadjusted (biased) and U\u2010adjusted (true) marginal odds ratios (OR) from a case\u2010only analysis, and determined the bias percentage using . Similar simulations were performed for classical confounding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Across a broad range of plausible parameter values for the PCa context, collider bias did not distort the OR of BMI on PCa death by more than 4%, equivalent to a\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04 distortion in the OR estimate for continuous BMI. In comparison, classical confounding showed a higher potential for distorting BMI and PCa death associations than collider bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Collider bias alone is unlikely to explain the inverse obesity paradox in (localized) PCa, reinforcing some mechanistic evidence that the observed positive relationship between BMI and PCa death is real, and not a statistical artifact. This finding emphasizes the importance of exploring alternative mechanisms beyond collider bias to better understand the underlying factors driving this paradox.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T11:04:51Z","timestamp":1744715091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Collider Bias Is an Insufficient Explanation for the Inverse Obesity Paradox in Prostate Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0904-0557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Stocks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine Lund University  Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6808-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christel","family":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Registry Centre, Department of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oncology Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1342-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Fritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine Lund University  Malm\u00f6 Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Economics, Medical Statistics and Informatics Medical University of Innsbruck  Innsbruck 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