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However, the exact causal association between LC and UCs remains obscure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A two\u2010sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) and the Genetic Risk Scores (GRS) method were used to assess the genetic relationships between LC and UCs. The risk of second primary cancer (SPC) was validated using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MR analysis demonstrated genetic associations between overall LC and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (overall LC: OR [95% CI]\u2009=\u20091.214 [1.003\u20131.469],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.046; LUAD: OR [95% CI]\u2009=\u20091.144 [1.029\u20131.271],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012). The GRS method also yielded consistent results (overall LC: OR [95% CI]\u2009=\u20091.229 [1.067\u20131.414],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004; LUAD: OR [95% CI]\u2009=\u20091.125 [1.019\u20131.243],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.020). Therefore, this study primarily focused on the significant associations between overall LC and LUAD with RCC. Meanwhile, the SEER database was exploited to confirm the correlation between primary LUAD (PLUAD) and secondary primary RCC (SPC\u2010RCC). The results indicated that the risk of SPC\u2010RCC after PLUAD was substantially higher than the US reference population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MR study identified genetic associations between LC and UCs, revealing an elevated risk of SPC\u2010RCC after primary LC (PLC), particularly LUAD. This study lays a foundation for SPC\u2010RCC prevention after PLC, indicating the necessity of enhanced surveillance of PLC patients in clinical practice and further research into the shared biological pathways to provide innovative therapeutic alternatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.71272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T12:58:41Z","timestamp":1759150721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genetic Association of Primary Lung Cancer With Urological Cancers: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study and\n                    <scp>SEER<\/scp>\n                    Database Validation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Tuberculosis, Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Oncology Guangzhou Chest Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Pharmaceutical University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zihao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cunjing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Sun Yat\u2010sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cataract, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou 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