{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:45:58Z","timestamp":1791585958391,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021LSW023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021LSW023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021QH356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QH356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emerging studies indicate that microbes are present in tumor cells and immune cells. Intratumoral microbiota (ITM) constitute an important component of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and have an important impact on tumor progression and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through the general elaboration of ITM represented by bacteria and fungi and the overall summary of their correlation with TIME, we aim to provide new ideas and perspectives for the application of ITM in tumor therapy by this review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review conducted a literature search using the PubMed database, with no predefined restrictions on the publication time of the included literature. The search terms used included \u201cintratumoral microbiota\u201d, \u201cintratumoral microbiome\u201d, \u201cintratumoral microbes\u201d, \u201cintratumoral microorganisms\u201d, \u201ctumor microbiota\u201d, \u201ctumor\u2010associated microbiota\u201d, \u201ctumor microbiome\u201d, \u201ctumor\u2010associated microbiome\u201d, \u201ctumor\u2010associated microbes\u201d, \u201cintratumoral bacteria\u201d, \u201cintratumoral fungi\u201d, \u201ccancer\u201d, \u201ctumor\u201d, \u201ctumor microenvironment\u201d, \u201ctumor immune microenvironment\u201d, \u201cmicrobial metabolites\u201d, \u201capplication\u201d, \u201cimmunotherapy\u201d, \u201ctreatment\u201d and \u201cmicrobial\u2010based cancer therapy\u201d. Relevant retrieved literature was screened, prioritizing studies that focused on the distribution characteristics of ITM across different tumors, the mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies indicate that bacteria and fungi exhibit distinct distribution patterns in different tumors and interact with the TIME in complex ways, demonstrating either pro\u2010tumor or anti\u2010tumor effects. Proposed hypotheses for the underlying mechanisms include: (1) Antigenic immune responses, including those induced by bacterial peptides or cross\u2010immunity due to similarities between tumor and intratumoral microbial antigens; (2) The activation or inhibition of the function or infiltration of different immune cells; (3) Participating in pattern recognition receptor\u2010mediated signaling pathways; (4) Regulation of immune checkpoints or their inhibitors. ITM can also influence the efficacy of various tumor treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Several microbial\u2010associated therapeutic approaches, such as engineered bacteria, have already entered clinical application. More treatment strategies are under investigation, although most current research remains at the level of establishing correlations between ITM and tumors, or is confined to preclinical experiments. Further exploration is required to establish causal relationships and achieve precise modulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the significant role of ITM in tumor immunity, it may serve as a potential target for enhancing immunotherapy. Future research must shift its core focus from exploring correlations to intervening based on causality and achieving precise modulation for translational applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.71575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T07:59:48Z","timestamp":1769500788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Crosstalk Between Intratumoral Microbes and Tumor Immunity: Implications for Tumor Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Fengxue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong First Medical University &amp; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First 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