{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T10:10:08Z","timestamp":1784196608118,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regular exercise improves quality of life (QoL) and reduces fatigue in advanced cancer patients (ACP), but acute immune responses are underexplored. This study investigated the effects of a single high\u2010intensity interval training (HIIT) session on natural killer (NK) cells and circulating innate lymphoid cells (cILCs) in ACP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An ACP group undergoing chemotherapy (PG,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200920, 59.8\u2009\u00b1\u200910.3\u2009years, 70% pancreatic cancer) was compared with age\u2010matched healthy controls (HG,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200919, 60.7\u2009\u00b1\u200910.6\u2009years). Both groups completed a 20\u2010min HIIT session. Blood samples were collected before (T0), immediately after (T1), and 1 h post\u2010exercise (T2). NK cells, cILCs, and subsets were analyzed via flow cytometry. Patient\u2010reported outcomes (QoL, fatigue, nutrition) were assessed with validated questionnaires.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A single HIIT session induced a significant (PG:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001; HG:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.045) increase in the number of circulating total NK cells immediately after exercise in both groups, with a median within\u2010subject increase of 50% in the PG and 38% in the HG, followed by a significant (PG\/HG:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) decrease during the recovery period (PG: \u201343%, HG: \u221269%). cILCs increased significantly (PG:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005; HG:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) only during the exercise period in both groups, with a median within\u2010subject increase of 21% in the PG and 55% in the HG. Differences were observed between groups and across individual immune cell subpopulations. NK responses positively correlated with higher training heart rate in both groups, and additionally with BMI (HG, cILC2) and age (PG, CD56\n                      <jats:sup>bright<\/jats:sup>\n                      NK cells).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single HIIT session transiently mobilized NK cells and cILCs in ACP undergoing chemotherapy. These results indicate that acute HIIT is feasible in this population and provide hypothesis\u2010generating evidence on exercise\u2010induced changes in immune cell counts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was registered at 13.11.2022, registration number NCT05656651<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.71977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:43:32Z","timestamp":1780476212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High\u2010Intensity Interval Training Boosts Immune Cells in Advanced Cancer Patients and Healthy Controls: Implications for Cancer 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Movement and Exercise West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen  Essen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology Clinic for Pediatrics 3, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Deppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Movement and Exercise West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen  Essen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology Clinic for Pediatrics 3, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0477-2748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina B.","family":"Bennstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University  Aachen 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