{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:56:22Z","timestamp":1791262582100,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although immunotherapy combined with platinum\u2010based chemotherapy is now the standard first\u2010line treatment for extensive\u2010stage small cell lung cancer (ES\u2010SCLC), the benefit of continuing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) after disease progression (PD) remains uncertain. This real\u2010world study assessed the efficacy and safety of second\u2010line immunotherapy in ES\u2010SCLC patients using propensity score matching (PSM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ES\u2010SCLC patients who received second\u2010line treatments following first\u2010line chemoimmunotherapy at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital from January 2019 to December 2023 were included. Clinical baseline characteristics were collected and balanced. The efficacy and safety of patients who continued to receive second\u2010line immunotherapy were compared with those who did not.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 187 patients were analyzed. The median overall survival (OS) and progression\u2010free survival (PFS) for the entire cohort were 8.5\u2009months (95% CI: 7.1\u20139.9) and 3.3\u2009months (95% CI: 2.5\u20134.1), respectively. After PSM, each group included 76 patients. No significant differences in OS (median OS: 8.3 vs. 7.8\u2009months; HR, 0.97; 95% CI: 0.68\u20131.39;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.87) or PFS (median PFS: 3.45 vs. 3.1\u2009months; HR, 1.07; 95% CI: 0.77\u20131.49;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.69) were observed between the rechallenge and non\u2010rechallenge groups. Subgroup analysis suggested in an exploratory manner that immunotherapy rechallenge was associated with poorer outcomes in non\u2010smokers (mOS: 8 vs. 16.6\u2009months; HR, 2.9; 95% CI: 1.1\u20137.9;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004). The rate of all\u2010grade immune\u2010related adverse events (irAEs) was higher in the rechallenge group (36.8% vs. 17.1%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rechallenge with immunotherapy after first\u2010line chemoimmunotherapy may not demonstrate a significant survival benefit in ES\u2010SCLC patients, particularly among never smokers, and may lead to more frequent irAEs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.72304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T05:56:37Z","timestamp":1789797397000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rechallenge With Immunotherapy for\n                    <scp>ES<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>SCLC<\/scp>\n                    : Efficacy and Safety From a Retrospective Propensity Score\u2010Matched Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8862-1626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"},{"name":"Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital)  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0792-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of VIP Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"},{"name":"Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital)  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"},{"name":"Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital)  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8164-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences  Hangzhou Zhejiang 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