{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T10:34:09Z","timestamp":1775558049905,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82172776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The observation\u2010based prognosis, rather than resection, for small carcinoid tumors is still unclear. This lack of clarity has important implications for counseling elderly patients or patients for whom surgical resection poses a high risk. This study compared the outcomes of observation and surgical resection in patients with pulmonary carcinoid (PC) tumors \u22643\u2009cm in size without metastasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data of patients with PC tumors with \u22643\u2009cm in diameter and without lymph node and distant metastases were retrieved from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry. To reduce the inherent bias of retrospective studies, propensity score matching analysis was performed. Overall survival (OS) and lung carcinoid\u2010specific survival (LCSS) were analyzed using Kaplan\u2013Meier plots. Multivariate analysis was used to determine predictors of LCSS in different size subgroups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 4552 patients with early\u2010stage PCs \u22643\u2009cm in diameter, including 435 (9.56%) who were observed and 4117 (90.44%) treated by surgery, were recruited. Patients with surgery had significantly better OS and LCSS than those who were observed. However, patients with observation had comparable LCSS to those with surgery for PCs with tumor diameters \u22641\u2009cm. Multivariate analysis indicated that surgical resection was an independent prognostic factor for LCSS in 1\u2009cm &lt; tumors \u22642\u2009cm, and 2\u2009cm &lt; tumors \u22643\u2009cm groups, but not for tumors \u22641\u2009cm in diameter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surgical resection of small PCs is associated with a survival advantage over observation. However, for early PCs \u22641\u2009cm in diameter, observation may be considered in patients with high risk for surgical resection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.7311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T09:35:06Z","timestamp":1718012106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prognosis of unresected versus resected early\u2010stage pulmonary carcinoid tumors \u22643\u2009cm in size: A population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiongfei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanfan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuewang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinling","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quanying","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3416-6351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weibo","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6153-387X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.0589"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/2009-0583-RAR.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. 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