{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:35:32Z","timestamp":1786977332012,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive malignancy that is usually diagnosed at a late stage. Prior data showed increasing incidence of GBC in the US. However, little is known about race\/ethnic\u2010specific incidence and mortality trends of GBC per stage at diagnosis. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a time\u2010trend analysis of GBC incidence and mortality rates categorized by race\/ethnicity and stage\u2010at\u2010diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Age\u2010adjusted GBC incidence and mortality rates were calculated using SEER*Stat software from the United States Cancer Statistics database (covers ~98% of US population between 2001 and 2020) and NCHS (covers ~100% of the US population between 2000 and 2020) databases, respectively. Race\/Ethnic groups were Non\u2010Hispanic\u2010White (NHW), Non\u2010Hispanic\u2010Black (NHB), Hispanic, Non\u2010Hispanic\u2010Asian\/Pacific\u2010Islander (NHAPI), and Non\u2010Hispanic\u2010American\u2010Indian\/Alaska\u2010Native (NHAIAN). Stage\u2010at\u2010diagnoses were all stages, early, regional, and distant stages. Joinpoint regression was used to generate time\u2010trends [annual percentage change (APC) and average APC (AAPC)] with parametric estimations and a two\u2010sided\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value cut\u2010off 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      76,873 patients were diagnosed with GBC with decreasing incidence rates in all races\/ethnicities except NHB who experienced an increasing trend between 2001 and 2014 (APC\u2009=\u20092.08,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and plateauing afterward (APC\u2009=\u2009\u22121.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.31); (AAPC\u2009=\u20091.03,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03). Among early\u2010stage tumors (9927 patients), incidence rates were decreasing only in Hispanic (AAPC\u2009=\u2009\u22124.24,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) while stable in other races\/ethnicities (NHW: AAPC\u2009=\u2009\u22122.61,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.39; NHB: AAPC\u2009=\u2009\u22121.73,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.36). For regional\u2010stage tumors (29,690 patients), GBC incidence rates were decreasing only in NHW (AAPC\u2009=\u2009\u22121.61,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) while stable in other races\/ethnicities (NHB: AAPC\u2009=\u20090.73,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.34; Hispanic: AAPC\u2009=\u2009\u22121.58,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.24; NHAPI: AAPC\u2009=\u2009\u22121.22,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.07). For distant\u2010stage tumors (31,735 patients), incidence rates were increasing in NHB (AAPC\u2009=\u20092.72,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), decreasing in Hispanic (AAPC\u2009=\u2009\u22120.64,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04), and stable in NHW (AAPC\u2009=\u20090.07,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.84) and NHAPI (AAPC\u2009=\u20090.79,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.13). There were 43,411 deaths attributed to GBC with decreasing mortality rates in all races\/ethnicities except NHB who experienced a stable trend (AAPC\u2009=\u20090.25,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.25).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide data over the last two decades show that NHB patients experienced increasing GBC incidence between 2001 and 2014 followed by stabilization of the rates. This increase was driven by late\u2010stage tumors and occurred in the first decade. NHB also experienced non\u2010improving GBC mortality, compared to other race and ethnic groups who had decreasing mortality. This can be due to lack of timely\u2010access to healthcare leading to delayed diagnosis and worse outcomes. Future studies are warranted to investigate contributions to the revealed racial and ethnic disparities, especially in NHB, to improve early detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.7457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T06:41:52Z","timestamp":1720075312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Racial and ethnic disparities in gallbladder cancer: A two\u2010decade analysis of incidence and mortality rates in the US"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0181-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yazan","family":"Abboud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawanya","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2029-3782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun\u2010Wei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine John Stroger Hospital of Cook County  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Abboud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Riverside School of Medicine  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Islam H.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Missouri\u2010Kansas City  Kansas City Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saqr","family":"Alsakarneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Missouri\u2010Kansas City  Kansas City Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouad","family":"Jaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Missouri\u2010Kansas City  Kansas City Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al\u2010Khazraji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaveh","family":"Hajifathalian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sima","family":"Vossough\u2010Teehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute.SEER*explorer: an interactive website for SEER cancer statistics [Internet]. Surveillance Research Program NCIAahscgeoF2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","article-title":"Gallbladder carcinoma, the difficulty of early detection: a case report","volume":"8","author":"Graff AE","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2019.85166"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2022.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31537"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/cco.2019.08.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"National Program of Cancer Registries and Surveillance EaERPSSDNaSI\u2010USCSPURD 2022 Submission (2001\u20132020).United States Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute. Released June.2023. Accessedwww.cdc.gov\/cancer\/uscs\/public\u2010use"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Software and tools for cancer registries and surveillance.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2024. Accessed January 13 2024https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/npcr\/tools\/index.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Data Are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999\u20132020, as Compiled from Data Provided by the 57 Vital Statistics Jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NCfHSNVSS","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"Statistical Research and Applications Branch NCI.Joinpoint Regression Program VM.2021."},{"issue":"307","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"ix","article-title":"Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer","volume":"39","author":"Eslick GD","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin N Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo.2017.11.09"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-10286-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.15.1132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/4070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmr.5610060202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/140743"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-021-00451-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.84"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01949.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-013-2304-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02515"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2012.03.011"}],"container-title":["Cancer Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cam4.7457","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T09:33:36Z","timestamp":1721900016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cam4.7457"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cam4.7457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.7457","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7634","2045-7634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7634","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7634","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e7457"}}