{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T04:07:32Z","timestamp":1773461252700,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Activity of <jats:italic>norA<\/jats:italic> efflux pump has been known as a resistance mechanism to antibiotics like ciprofloxacin in <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>. This study was carried out to assess the effect of biosynthesized NiFe<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>@Ag nanocomposite on expression of <jats:italic>norA<\/jats:italic> gene in <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In this experimental study, 30 clinical samples were collected from patients hospitalized at different hospitals in Guilan Province, Iran. Then, clinical isolates of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> were identified by standard microbiological tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of clinical and standard strains of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> were done by disk diffusion method according to CLSI guideline. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT\u2010IR) was used to analyze the various functional groups present in the biosynthesized NiFe<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>@Ag nanocomposite. This analysis confirmed the formation of alga proteins coated on magnetite nanocomposite. X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD) verified the crystalline structure of NiFe<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>@Ag and the deposition of silver on the surface of NiFe<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>. Energy dispersive X\u2010ray mapping (<jats:italic>EDX\u2010map<\/jats:italic>) analysis confirmed the existence of Ag, Ni, Fe and O in the final product. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the nanocomposites were spherical in shape and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results revealed that the NiFe<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>@Ag had the particle size about 100\u2009nm. Antibacterial activity of NiFe<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>@Ag alone and combined with ciprofloxacin was evaluated using the disk assay method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by broth dilution method. Afterwards, the expression of <jats:italic>norA<\/jats:italic> efflux pump gene with and without of NiFe<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>@Ag nanocomposite and ciprofloxacin was evaluated by Real\u2010Time PCR. Real\u2010Time PCR results demonstrated that the expression of <jats:italic>norA<\/jats:italic> gene in the strains exposed to both NiFe<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>@Ag nanocomposite (1\/4 MIC) and ciprofloxacin (1\/8 MIC) significantly reduced in comparison to untreated strains. This study reveals that, when NiFe<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>@Ag nanocomposite is combined with ciprofloxacin, the inhibitory effect of ciprofloxacin increases against growth of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>. Therefore, NiFe<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>@Ag nanocomposite can be considered as an effective factor to decrease the growth of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> along with ciprofloxacin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202000072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T01:50:21Z","timestamp":1587347421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Biosynthesis of NiFe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>@Ag Nanocomposite and Assessment of Its Effect on Expression of <i>norA<\/i> Gene in <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nozhat","family":"Pourmehdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Rasht Branch Islamic Azad University  4147654919 Rasht Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Moradi\u2010Shoeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences University of Guilan  P.O. Box 41335\u20131914 4199613776 Rasht Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akram","family":"Sadat Naeemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Guilan  4199613776 Rasht Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4238-0999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Salehzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Rasht Branch Islamic Azad University  4147654919 Rasht Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jms.jms_25_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-241"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138955709787316038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2004.10.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.5.1080"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900608"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201800525"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-1632-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18782\/2320-7051.2221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/mnl.2018.5260"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm16293h"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.3781"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20058856"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2015.10966"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2008.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20001215)52:4<662::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es703238h"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0304"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"424","article-title":"\u2018Evaluation of expression of NorA efflux pump in ciprofloxacin resistant Staphylococcus aureus against hexahydroquinoline derivative by real-time PCR\u2019","volume":"52","author":"Pourmand M. 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