{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T13:33:52Z","timestamp":1775568832782,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007414","name":"Qassim University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A new 3,4\u2010difluorobenzylidene analog of curcumin, CDF, was recently reported, which demonstrated significantly enhanced bioavailability and <jats:italic>in\u2005vivo<\/jats:italic> anticancer activity compared with curcumin. For highlighting the antiparasitic behavior of CDF, we tested this compound together with its new <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\u2010methylated analog MeCDF against <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> parasites. Both CDF and MeCDF were tested <jats:italic>in\u2005vitro<\/jats:italic> against <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>. In addition, the <jats:italic>in\u2005vitro<\/jats:italic> cytotoxicity against Vero cells and macrophages was determined and selectivity indices were calculated. The DPPH radical scavenging activity assay was carried out in order to determine the antioxidant activity of the test compounds. Both compounds showed high activities against both parasite forms with EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values in the (sub\u2010)micromolar range (0.35 to 0.8\u2005\u03bcM for CDF, 0.31 to 1.2\u2005\u03bcM for MeCDF). The higher activity of CDF against <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic> amastigotes when compared with MeCDF can in parts be attributed to the antioxidant activity of CDF while MeCDF lacking any antioxidant activity was more active than CDF against <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2005<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> parasites. In conclusion, CDF and MeCDF are promising antiparasitic drug candidates due to their high activities against <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>.\u2005<jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2005<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202100381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T04:39:17Z","timestamp":1625200757000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Activity of Fluorinated Curcuminoids against <i>Leishmania major<\/i> and <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> Parasites"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tariq A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition College of Applied Health Sciences Qassim University  Ar Rass Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waleed S.","family":"Koko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science Laboratories College of Science and Arts Qassim University  Ar Rass Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim S.","family":"Al Nasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science Laboratories College of Science and Arts Qassim University  Ar Rass Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biology College of Science and Arts Qassim University  Unaizah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Schobert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Chemistry I University of Bayreuth  Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7305-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Biersack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Chemistry I University of Bayreuth  Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs375\/en\/; Accessed November 12 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189906"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000259"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.38.1.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000099202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-05-1320"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgg082"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202980"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000011876"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00912"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.250337"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Shahiduzzaman A. Daugschies in \u2018Nature helps: How Plants and Other Organisms Contribute to Solve Health Problems\u2019 Ed. H. Mehdorn Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 p. 141.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19382-8_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antiparasitic properties of curcumin: a review\u2019","volume":"4","author":"Cheraghipour K.","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIMS Agric. Food"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"3306","article-title":"Evaluation of in\u2005vitro antileishmanial activity of curcumin and its derivatives \u201egallium curcumin, indium curcumin and diacethyl curcumin\u201c\u2019","volume":"17","author":"Fouladvand M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1268-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"2047","article-title":"Perspectives on new synthetic curcumin analogs and their potential anticancer properties\u2019","volume":"19","author":"Vyas A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.108.046201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-6011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-009-9900-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043726"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-010-0336-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-009-9955-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.201900128"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001927"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.201900363"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"361","article-title":"Investigation of the effect of chamazulene on lipid peroxidation and free radical processes\u2019","volume":"92","author":"Rekka E. A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2012.06.014"}],"container-title":["Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.202100381","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cbdv.202100381","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbdv.202100381","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T17:49:58Z","timestamp":1693331398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbdv.202100381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cbdv.202100381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.202100381","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1612-1872","1612-1880"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1612-1872","type":"print"},{"value":"1612-1880","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2100381"}}